# Middleware

## Account Quotas

`account_quotas` is a middleware which blocks write requests (PUT, POST) if a given account quota (in bytes) is exceeded while DELETE requests are still allowed.

`account_quotas` uses the following metadata entries to store the account quota

Metadata | Use
--- | ---
X-Account-Meta-Quota-Bytes (obsoleted) | Maximum overall bytes stored in account across containers.
X-Account-Quota-Bytes | Maximum overall bytes stored in account across containers.
X-Account-Quota-Bytes-Policy-<policyname> | Maximum overall bytes stored in account across containers, for the given policy.
X-Account-Quota-Count | Maximum object count under account.
X-Account-Quota-Count-Policy-<policyname> | Maximum object count under account, for the given policy.

Write requests to those metadata entries are only permitted for resellers. There is no overall byte or object count limit set if the corresponding metadata entries are not set.

Additionally, account quotas, of type quota-bytes or quota-count, may be set for each storage policy, using metadata of the form `x-account-<quota type>-policy-<policy name>`. Again, only resellers may update these metadata, and there will be no limit for a particular policy if the corresponding metadata is not set.

Note

Per-policy quotas need not sum to the overall account quota, and the sum of all Container quotas for a given policy need not sum to the account’s policy quota.

The `account_quotas` middleware should be added to the pipeline in your `/etc/swift/proxy-server.conf` file just after any auth middleware. For example:

    [pipeline:main]
    pipeline = catch_errors cache tempauth account_quotas proxy-server

    [filter:account_quotas]
    use = egg:swift#account_quotas

To set the quota on an account:

    swift -A http://127.0.0.1:8080/auth/v1.0 -U account:reseller -K secret post -m quota-bytes:10000

Remove the quota:

    swift -A http://127.0.0.1:8080/auth/v1.0 -U account:reseller -K secret post -m quota-bytes:

The same limitations apply for the account quotas as for the container quotas.

For example, when uploading an object without a content-length header the proxy server doesn’t know the final size of the currently uploaded object and the upload will be allowed if the current account size is within the quota. Due to the eventual consistency further uploads might be possible until the account size has been updated.

class swift.common.middleware.account_quotas.AccountQuotaMiddleware(app, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `object`

  Account quota middleware

  See above for a full description.

swift.common.middleware.account_quotas.filter_factory(global_conf, **local_conf)

  Returns a WSGI filter app for use with paste.deploy.

## AWS S3 Api

The s3api middleware will emulate the S3 REST api on top of swift.

To enable this middleware to your configuration, add the s3api middleware in front of the auth middleware. See `proxy-server.conf-sample` for more detail and configurable options.

To set up your client, ensure you are using the tempauth or keystone auth system for swift project. When your swift on a SAIO environment, make sure you have setting the tempauth middleware configuration in `proxy-server.conf`, and the access key will be the concatenation of the account and user strings that should look like test:tester, and the secret access key is the account password. The host should also point to the swift storage hostname.

The tempauth option example:

    [filter:tempauth]
    use = egg:swift#tempauth
    user_admin_admin = admin .admin .reseller_admin
    user_test_tester = testing

An example client using tempauth with the python boto library is as follows:

    from boto.s3.connection import S3Connection
    connection = S3Connection(
        aws_access_key_id='test:tester',
        aws_secret_access_key='testing',
        port=8080,
        host='127.0.0.1',
        is_secure=False,
        calling_format=boto.s3.connection.OrdinaryCallingFormat())

And if you using keystone auth, you need the ec2 credentials, which can be downloaded from the API Endpoints tab of the dashboard or by openstack ec2 command.

Here is showing to create an EC2 credential:

    # openstack ec2 credentials create
    +------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    | Field      | Value                                             |
    +------------+---------------------------------------------------+
    | access     | c2e30f2cd5204b69a39b3f1130ca8f61                  |
    | links      | {u'self': u'http://controller:5000/v3/......'}    |
    | project_id | 407731a6c2d0425c86d1e7f12a900488                  |
    | secret     | baab242d192a4cd6b68696863e07ed59                  |
    | trust_id   | None                                              |
    | user_id    | 00f0ee06afe74f81b410f3fe03d34fbc                  |
    +------------+---------------------------------------------------+

An example client using keystone auth with the python boto library will be:

    from boto.s3.connection import S3Connection
    connection = S3Connection(
        aws_access_key_id='c2e30f2cd5204b69a39b3f1130ca8f61',
        aws_secret_access_key='baab242d192a4cd6b68696863e07ed59',
        port=8080,
        host='127.0.0.1',
        is_secure=False,
        calling_format=boto.s3.connection.OrdinaryCallingFormat())

### Deployment

#### Proxy-Server Setting

Set s3api before your auth in your pipeline in `proxy-server.conf` file. To enable all compatibility currently supported, you should make sure that bulk, slo, and your auth middleware are also included in your proxy pipeline setting.

Using tempauth, the minimum example config is:

    [pipeline:main]
    pipeline = proxy-logging cache s3api tempauth bulk slo proxy-logging proxy-server

When using keystone, the config will be:

    [pipeline:main]
    pipeline = proxy-logging cache authtoken s3api s3token keystoneauth bulk slo proxy-logging proxy-server

Finally, add the s3api middleware section:

    [filter:s3api]
    use = egg:swift#s3api

Note

`keystonemiddleware.authtoken` can be located before/after s3api but we recommend to put it before s3api because when authtoken is after s3api, both authtoken and s3token will issue the acceptable token to keystone (i.e. authenticate twice). And in the `keystonemiddleware.authtoken` middleware , you should set `delay_auth_decision` option to `True`.

### Constraints

Currently, the s3api is being ported from https://github.com/openstack/swift3 so any existing issues in swift3 are still remaining. Please make sure descriptions in the example `proxy-server.conf` and what happens with the config, before enabling the options.

### Supported API

The compatibility will continue to be improved upstream, you can keep and eye on compatibility via a check tool build by SwiftStack. See https://github.com/swiftstack/s3compat in detail.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3api.S3ApiMiddleware(app, wsgi_conf, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `object`

  S3Api: S3 compatibility middleware

  check_filter_order(pipeline, required_filters)

    Check that required filters are present in order in the pipeline.

  check_pipeline(wsgi_conf)

    Check that proxy-server.conf has an appropriate pipeline for s3api.

swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3api.filter_factory(global_conf, **local_conf)

  Standard filter factory to use the middleware with paste.deploy

### S3 Token Middleware

s3token middleware is for authentication with s3api + keystone. This middleware:

- Gets a request from the s3api middleware with an S3 Authorization access key.

- Validates s3 token with Keystone.

- Transforms the account name to AUTH_%(tenant_name).

- Optionally can retrieve and cache secret from keystone to validate signature locally

Note

If upgrading from swift3, the `auth_version` config option has been removed, and the `auth_uri` option now includes the Keystone API version. If you previously had a configuration like

    [filter:s3token]
    use = egg:swift3#s3token
    auth_uri = https://keystonehost:35357
    auth_version = 3

you should now use

    [filter:s3token]
    use = egg:swift#s3token
    auth_uri = https://keystonehost:35357/v3

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3token.S3Token(app, conf)

  Bases: `object`

  Middleware that handles S3 authentication.

swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3token.filter_factory(global_conf, **local_conf)

  Returns a WSGI filter app for use with paste.deploy.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3request.ChecksummingInput(wsgi_input, content_length, checksum_hasher, checksum_key, checksum_source)

  Bases: `InputProxy`

  wsgi.input wrapper to calculate the X-Amz-Checksum-* of the input as it’s read. The calculated value is checked against an expected value that is sent in either the request headers or trailers. To allow for the latter, the expected value is lazy fetched once the input has been read.

  Parameters:

    - wsgi_input – file-like object to be wrapped.

    - content_length – the expected number of bytes to be read.

    - checksum_hasher – a hasher to calculate the checksum of read bytes.

    - checksum_key – the name of the header or trailer that will have the expected checksum value to be checked.

    - checksum_source – a dict that will have the `checksum_key`.

  chunk_update(chunk, eof, *args, **kwargs)

    Called each time a chunk of bytes is read from the wrapped input.

    Parameters:

      - chunk – the chunk of bytes that has been read.

      - eof – `True` if there are no more bytes to read from the wrapped input, `False` otherwise. If `read()` has been called this will be `True` when the size of `chunk` is less than the requested size or the requested size is None. If `readline` has been called this will be `True` when an incomplete line is read (i.e. not ending with `b'\n'`) whose length is less than the requested size or the requested size is None. If `read()` or `readline()` are called with a requested size that exactly matches the number of bytes remaining in the wrapped input then `eof` will be `False`. A subsequent call to `read()` or `readline()` with non-zero `size` would result in `eof` being `True`. Alternatively, the end of the input could be inferred by comparing `bytes_received` with the expected length of the input.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3request.ChunkReader(wsgi_input, chunk_size, validator, chunk_params)

  Bases: `InputProxy`

  wsgi.input wrapper to read a single chunk from an aws-chunked input and validate its signature.

  Parameters:

    - wsgi_input – a wsgi input.

    - chunk_size – number of bytes to read.

    - validator – function to call to validate the chunk’s content.

    - chunk_params – string of params from the chunk’s header.

  chunk_update(chunk, eof, *args, **kwargs)

    Called each time a chunk of bytes is read from the wrapped input.

    Parameters:

      - chunk – the chunk of bytes that has been read.

      - eof – `True` if there are no more bytes to read from the wrapped input, `False` otherwise. If `read()` has been called this will be `True` when the size of `chunk` is less than the requested size or the requested size is None. If `readline` has been called this will be `True` when an incomplete line is read (i.e. not ending with `b'\n'`) whose length is less than the requested size or the requested size is None. If `read()` or `readline()` are called with a requested size that exactly matches the number of bytes remaining in the wrapped input then `eof` will be `False`. A subsequent call to `read()` or `readline()` with non-zero `size` would result in `eof` being `True`. Alternatively, the end of the input could be inferred by comparing `bytes_received` with the expected length of the input.

  read(size=None, *args, **kwargs)

    Pass read request to the underlying file-like object and add bytes read to total.

    Parameters:

      size – (optional) maximum number of bytes to read; the default `None` means unlimited.

  readline(size=None, *args, **kwargs)

    Pass readline request to the underlying file-like object and add bytes read to total.

    Parameters:

      size – (optional) maximum number of bytes to read from the current line; the default `None` means unlimited.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3request.HashingInput(wsgi_input, content_length, expected_hex_hash)

  Bases: `InputProxy`

  wsgi.input wrapper to verify the SHA256 of the input as it’s read.

  chunk_update(chunk, eof, *args, **kwargs)

    Called each time a chunk of bytes is read from the wrapped input.

    Parameters:

      - chunk – the chunk of bytes that has been read.

      - eof – `True` if there are no more bytes to read from the wrapped input, `False` otherwise. If `read()` has been called this will be `True` when the size of `chunk` is less than the requested size or the requested size is None. If `readline` has been called this will be `True` when an incomplete line is read (i.e. not ending with `b'\n'`) whose length is less than the requested size or the requested size is None. If `read()` or `readline()` are called with a requested size that exactly matches the number of bytes remaining in the wrapped input then `eof` will be `False`. A subsequent call to `read()` or `readline()` with non-zero `size` would result in `eof` being `True`. Alternatively, the end of the input could be inferred by comparing `bytes_received` with the expected length of the input.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3request.S3AclRequest(env, app=None, conf=None)

  Bases: `S3Request`

  S3Acl request object.

  authenticate(app)

    authenticate method will run pre-authenticate request and retrieve account information. Note that it currently supports only keystone and tempauth. (no support for the third party authentication middleware)

  get_acl_response(app, method=None, container=None, obj=None, headers=None, body=None, query=None)

    Wrapper method of _get_response to add s3 acl information from response sysmeta headers.

  get_response(app, method=None, container=None, obj=None, headers=None, body=None, query=None)

    Wrap up get_response call to hook with acl handling method.

  to_swift_req(method, container, obj, query=None, body=None, headers=None)

    Create a Swift request based on this request’s environment.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3request.S3Request(env, app=None, conf=None)

  Bases: `Request`

  S3 request object.

  property body

    swob.Request.body is not secure against malicious input. It consumes too much memory without any check when the request body is excessively large. Use xml() instead.

  property bucket_acl

    Get and set the container acl property

  check_copy_source(app)

    check_copy_source checks the copy source existence and if copying an object to itself, for illegal request parameters

    Returns:

      the source HEAD response

  get_container_info(app)

    get_container_info will return a result dict of get_container_info from the backend Swift.

    Returns:

      a dictionary of container info from swift.controllers.base.get_container_info

    Raises:

      NoSuchBucket when the container doesn’t exist

    Raises:

      InternalError when the request failed without 404

  get_response(app, method=None, container=None, obj=None, headers=None, body=None, query=None)

    get_response is an entry point to be extended for child classes. If additional tasks needed at that time of getting swift response, we can override this method. swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3request.S3Request need to just call _get_response to get pure swift response.

  property object_acl

    Get and set the object acl property

  property timestamp

    S3Timestamp from Date header. If X-Amz-Date header specified, it will be prior to Date header.

    :return : S3Timestamp instance

  to_swift_req(method, container, obj, query=None, body=None, headers=None)

    Create a Swift request based on this request’s environment.

  validate_part_number(parts_count=None, check_max=True)

    Get the partNumber param, if it exists, and check it is valid.

    To be valid, a partNumber must satisfy two criteria. First, it must be an integer between 1 and the maximum allowed parts, inclusive. The maximum allowed parts is the maximum of the configured `max_upload_part_num` and, if given, `parts_count`. Second, the partNumber must be less than or equal to the `parts_count`, if it is given.

    Parameters:

      parts_count – if given, this is the number of parts in an existing object.

    Raises:

      - InvalidPartArgument – if the partNumber param is invalid i.e. less than 1 or greater than the maximum allowed parts.

      - InvalidPartNumber – if the partNumber param is valid but greater than `num_parts`.

    Returns:

      an integer part number if the partNumber param exists, otherwise `None`.

  xml(max_length)

    Similar to swob.Request.body, but it checks the content length before creating a body string.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3request.SigV4Mixin

  Bases: `object`

  A request class mixin to provide S3 signature v4 functionality

  property timestamp

    Return timestamp string according to the auth type The difference from v2 is v4 have to see ‘X-Amz-Date’ even though it’s query auth type.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3request.SigV4Request(env, app=None, conf=None)

  Bases: `SigV4Mixin`, `S3Request`

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3request.SigV4S3AclRequest(env, app=None, conf=None)

  Bases: `SigV4Mixin`, `S3AclRequest`

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3request.StreamingInput(input, decoded_content_length, expected_trailers, sig_checker)

  Bases: `object`

  wsgi.input wrapper to read a chunked input, verifying each chunk as it’s read. Once all chunks have been read, any trailers are read.

  Parameters:

    - input – a wsgi input.

    - decoded_content_length – the number of payload bytes expected to be extracted from chunks.

    - expected_trailers – the set of trailer names expected.

    - sig_checker – an instance of SigCheckerV4 that will be called to verify each chunk’s signature.

swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3request.get_request_class(env, s3_acl)

  Helper function to find a request class to use from Map

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.AccessDenied(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.AccountProblem(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.AmbiguousGrantByEmailAddress(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.AuthorizationHeaderMalformed(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.AuthorizationQueryParametersError(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.BadDigest(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.BrokenMPU(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.BucketAlreadyExists(bucket, msg=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.BucketAlreadyOwnedByYou(bucket, msg=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.BucketNotEmpty(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.CredentialsNotSupported(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.CrossLocationLoggingProhibited(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.EntityTooLarge(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.EntityTooSmall(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.ErrorResponse(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `S3ResponseBase`, `HTTPException`

  S3 error object.

  Reference information about S3 errors is available at: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/ErrorResponses.html

  property summary

    Provide a summary of the error code and reason.

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.ExpiredToken(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.HeaderKeyDict(base_headers=None, **kwargs)

  Bases: `HeaderKeyDict`

  Similar to the Swift’s normal HeaderKeyDict class, but its key name is normalized as S3 clients expect.

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.IllegalVersioningConfigurationException(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.IncompleteBody(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.IncorrectNumberOfFilesInPostRequest(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InlineDataTooLarge(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InternalError(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InvalidAccessKeyId(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InvalidArgument(name, value, msg=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InvalidBucketName(bucket, msg=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InvalidBucketState(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InvalidChunkSizeError(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InvalidDigest(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InvalidLocationConstraint(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InvalidObjectState(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InvalidPart(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InvalidPartArgument(max_parts, value)

  Bases: `InvalidArgument`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InvalidPartNumber(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InvalidPartOrder(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InvalidPayer(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InvalidPolicyDocument(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InvalidRange(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InvalidRequest(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InvalidSOAPRequest(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InvalidSecurity(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InvalidStorageClass(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InvalidTargetBucketForLogging(bucket, msg=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InvalidToken(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.InvalidURI(uri, msg=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.KeyTooLongError(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.MalformedACLError(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.MalformedPOSTRequest(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.MalformedTrailerError(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.MalformedXML(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.MaxMessageLengthExceeded(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.MaxPostPreDataLengthExceededError(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.MetadataTooLarge(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.MethodNotAllowed(method, resource_type, msg=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.MissingContentLength(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.MissingRequestBodyError(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.MissingSecurityElement(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.MissingSecurityHeader(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.NoLoggingStatusForKey(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.NoSuchBucket(bucket, msg=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.NoSuchKey(key, msg=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.NoSuchLifecycleConfiguration(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.NoSuchUpload(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.NoSuchVersion(key, version_id, msg=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.NotSignedUp(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.NotSuchBucketPolicy(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.ObjectLockConfigurationNotFoundError(bucket, msg=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.OperationAborted(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.PermanentRedirect(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.PreconditionFailed(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.Redirect(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.RequestIsNotMultiPartContent(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.RequestTimeTooSkewed(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.RequestTimeout(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.RequestTorrentOfBucketError(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.RestoreAlreadyInProgress(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.S3NotImplemented(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.S3Response(*args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `S3ResponseBase`, `Response`

  Similar to the Response class in Swift, but uses our HeaderKeyDict for headers instead of Swift’s HeaderKeyDict. This also translates Swift specific headers to S3 headers.

  classmethod from_swift_resp(sw_resp)

    Create a new S3 response object based on the given Swift response.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.S3ResponseBase

  Bases: `object`

  Base class for swift3 responses.

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.ServiceUnavailable(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.SignatureDoesNotMatch(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.SlowDown(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.TemporaryRedirect(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.TokenRefreshRequired(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.TooManyBuckets(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.UnexpectedContent(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.UnresolvableGrantByEmailAddress(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.UserKeyMustBeSpecified(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.VersionedBucketNotEmpty(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `BucketNotEmpty`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.s3response.XAmzContentSHA256Mismatch(msg=None, reason=None, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ErrorResponse`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.exception.ACLError

  Bases: `S3Exception`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.exception.InvalidSubresource(resource, cause)

  Bases: `S3Exception`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.exception.NotS3Request

  Bases: `S3Exception`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.exception.S3Exception

  Bases: `Exception`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.exception.S3InputChecksumMismatch

  Bases: `S3InputError`

  Client provided a X-Amz-Checksum-* header, but it doesn’t match the data.

  This should result in a InvalidRequest going back to the client.

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.exception.S3InputChecksumTrailerInvalid(trailer_name)

  Bases: `S3InputError`

  Client provided a X-Amz-Checksum-* trailer, but it is not a valid format.

  This should result in a InvalidRequest going back to the client.

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.exception.S3InputChunkSignatureMismatch

  Bases: `S3InputError`

  Client provided a chunk-signature, but it doesn’t match the data.

  This should result in a 403 going back to the client.

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.exception.S3InputChunkTooSmall(bad_chunk_size, chunk_number)

  Bases: `S3InputError`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.exception.S3InputError

  Bases: `BaseException`

  There was an error with the client input detected on read().

  Inherit from BaseException (rather than Exception) so it cuts from the proxy-server app (which will presumably be the one reading the input) through all the layers of the pipeline back to s3api. It should never escape the s3api middleware.

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.exception.S3InputIncomplete

  Bases: `S3InputError`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.exception.S3InputMalformedTrailer

  Bases: `S3InputError`

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.exception.S3InputMissingSecret

  Bases: `S3InputError`

  Client provided per-chunk signatures, but we have no secret with which to verify them.

  This happens if the auth middleware responsible for the user never called the provided `check_signature` callback.

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.exception.S3InputSHA256Mismatch(expected, computed)

  Bases: `S3InputError`

  Client provided a X-Amz-Content-SHA256, but it doesn’t match the data.

  This should result in a BadDigest going back to the client.

exception swift.common.middleware.s3api.exception.S3InputSizeError(expected, provided)

  Bases: `S3InputError`

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.etree._Element(*args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `ElementBase`

  Wrapper Element class of lxml.etree.Element to support a utf-8 encoded non-ascii string as a text.

  Why we need this?: Original lxml.etree.Element supports only unicode for the text. It declines maintainability because we have to call a lot of encode/decode methods to apply account/container/object name (i.e. PATH_INFO) to each Element instance. When using this class, we can remove such a redundant codes from swift.common.middleware.s3api middleware.

  property text

    utf-8 wrapper property of lxml.etree.Element.text

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.utils.Config(base=None)

  Bases: `dict`

  update([E, ]**F) → None. Update D from mapping/iterable E and F.

    If E is present and has a .keys() method, then does: for k in E.keys(): D[k] = E[k] If E is present and lacks a .keys() method, then does: for k, v in E: D[k] = v In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.utils.S3Timestamp(timestamp, offset=0, delta=0, check_bounds=True)

  Bases: `Timestamp`

  property amz_date_format

    this format should be like ‘YYYYMMDDThhmmssZ’

swift.common.middleware.s3api.utils.mktime(timestamp_str, time_format='%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S')

  mktime creates a float instance in epoch time really like as time.mktime

  the difference from time.mktime is allowing to 2 formats string for the argument for the S3 testing usage. TODO: support

  Parameters:

    - timestamp_str – a string of timestamp formatted as (a) RFC2822 (e.g. date header) (b) %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S (e.g. copy result)

    - time_format – a string of format to parse in (b) process

  Returns:

    a float instance in epoch time

swift.common.middleware.s3api.utils.sysmeta_header(resource, name)

  Returns the system metadata header for given resource type and name.

swift.common.middleware.s3api.utils.sysmeta_prefix(resource)

  Returns the system metadata prefix for given resource type.

swift.common.middleware.s3api.utils.validate_bucket_name(name, dns_compliant_bucket_names)

  Validates the name of the bucket against S3 criteria, http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonS3/latest/BucketRestrictions.html True is valid, False is invalid.

### s3api’s ACLs implementation

s3api uses a different implementation approach to achieve S3 ACLs.

First, we should understand what we have to design to achieve real S3 ACLs. Current s3api(real S3)’s ACLs Model is as follows:

    AccessControlPolicy:
        Owner:
        AccessControlList:
            Grant[n]:
                (Grantee, Permission)

Each bucket or object has its own acl consisting of Owner and AcessControlList. AccessControlList can contain some Grants. By default, AccessControlList has only one Grant to allow FULL CONTROLL to owner. Each Grant includes single pair with Grantee, Permission. Grantee is the user (or user group) allowed the given permission.

This module defines the groups and the relation tree.

If you wanna get more information about S3’s ACLs model in detail, please see official documentation here,

http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/acl-overview.html

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.subresource.ACL(owner, grants=None, s3_acl=False, allow_no_owner=False)

  Bases: `object`

  S3 ACL class.

  Refs (S3 API - acl-overview:

    http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/acl-overview.html):

  The sample ACL includes an Owner element identifying the owner via the AWS account’s canonical user ID. The Grant element identifies the grantee (either an AWS account or a predefined group), and the permission granted. This default ACL has one Grant element for the owner. You grant permissions by adding Grant elements, each grant identifying the grantee and the permission.

  check_owner(user_id)

    Check that the user is an owner.

  check_permission(user_id, permission)

    Check that the user has a permission.

  elem()

    Decode the value to an ACL instance.

  classmethod from_elem(elem, s3_acl=False, allow_no_owner=False)

    Convert an ElementTree to an ACL instance

  classmethod from_headers(headers, bucket_owner, object_owner=None, as_private=True)

    Convert HTTP headers to an ACL instance.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.subresource.AllUsers

  Bases: `Group`

  Access permission to this group allows anyone to access the resource. The requests can be signed (authenticated) or unsigned (anonymous). Unsigned requests omit the Authentication header in the request.

  Note: s3api regards unsigned requests as Swift API accesses, and bypasses them to Swift. As a result, AllUsers behaves completely same as AuthenticatedUsers.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.subresource.AuthenticatedUsers

  Bases: `Group`

  This group represents all AWS accounts. Access permission to this group allows any AWS account to access the resource. However, all requests must be signed (authenticated).

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.subresource.CannedACL

  Bases: `object`

  A dict-like object that returns canned ACL.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.subresource.Grant(grantee, permission)

  Bases: `object`

  Grant Class which includes both Grantee and Permission

  elem()

    Create an etree element.

  classmethod from_elem(elem)

    Convert an ElementTree to an ACL instance

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.subresource.Grantee

  Bases: `object`

  Base class for grantee.

  Methods:

  - init: create a Grantee instance

  - elem: create an ElementTree from itself

  Static Methods:

  - from_header: convert a grantee string in the HTTP header

      to an Grantee instance.

  - from_elem: convert a ElementTree to an Grantee instance.

  elem()

    Get an etree element of this instance.

  static from_header(grantee)

    Convert a grantee string in the HTTP header to an Grantee instance.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.subresource.Group

  Bases: `Grantee`

  Base class for Amazon S3 Predefined Groups

  elem()

    Get an etree element of this instance.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.subresource.LogDelivery

  Bases: `Group`

  WRITE and READ_ACP permissions on a bucket enables this group to write server access logs to the bucket.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.subresource.Owner(id, name)

  Bases: `object`

  Owner class for S3 accounts

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.subresource.User(name)

  Bases: `Grantee`

  Canonical user class for S3 accounts.

  elem()

    Get an etree element of this instance.

swift.common.middleware.s3api.subresource.canned_acl_grantees(bucket_owner, object_owner=None)

  A set of predefined grants supported by AWS S3.

swift.common.middleware.s3api.subresource.decode_acl(resource, headers, allow_no_owner)

  Decode Swift metadata to an ACL instance.

  Given a resource type and HTTP headers, this method returns an ACL instance.

swift.common.middleware.s3api.subresource.encode_acl(resource, acl)

  Encode an ACL instance to Swift metadata.

  Given a resource type and an ACL instance, this method returns HTTP headers, which can be used for Swift metadata.

swift.common.middleware.s3api.subresource.get_group_subclass_from_uri(uri)

  Convert a URI to one of the predefined groups.

### Acl Handlers

#### Why do we need this

To make controller classes clean, we need these handlers. It is really useful for customizing acl checking algorithms for each controller.

#### Basic Information

BaseAclHandler wraps basic Acl handling. (i.e. it will check acl from ACL_MAP by using HEAD)

#### How to extend

Make a handler with the name of the controller. (e.g. BucketAclHandler is for BucketController) It consists of method(s) for actual S3 method on controllers as follows.

Example:

    class BucketAclHandler(BaseAclHandler):
        def PUT:
            << put acl handling algorithms here for PUT bucket >>

Note

If the method DON’T need to recall _get_response in outside of acl checking, the method have to return the response it needs at the end of method.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.acl_handlers.BaseAclHandler(req, logger, container=None, obj=None, headers=None)

  Bases: `object`

  BaseAclHandler: Handling ACL for basic requests mapped on ACL_MAP

  get_acl(headers, body, bucket_owner, object_owner=None)

    Get ACL instance from S3 (e.g. x-amz-grant) headers or S3 acl xml body.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.acl_handlers.BucketAclHandler(req, logger, container=None, obj=None, headers=None)

  Bases: `BaseAclHandler`

  BucketAclHandler: Handler for BucketController

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.acl_handlers.MultiObjectDeleteAclHandler(req, logger, container=None, obj=None, headers=None)

  Bases: `BaseAclHandler`

  MultiObjectDeleteAclHandler: Handler for MultiObjectDeleteController

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.acl_handlers.MultiUploadAclHandler(req, logger, **kwargs)

  Bases: `BaseAclHandler`

  MultiUpload stuff requires acl checking just once for BASE container so that MultiUploadAclHandler extends BaseAclHandler to check acl only when the verb defined. We should define the verb as the first step to request to backend Swift at incoming request.

  Basic Rules:

    - BASE container name is always w/o ‘MULTIUPLOAD_SUFFIX’

    - Any check timing is ok but we should check it as soon as possible.

  Controller | Verb | CheckResource | Permission
  --- | --- | --- | ---
  Part | PUT | Container | WRITE
  Uploads | GET | Container | READ
  Uploads | POST | Container | WRITE
  Upload | GET | Container | READ
  Upload | DELETE | Container | WRITE
  Upload | POST | Container | WRITE

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.acl_handlers.ObjectAclHandler(req, logger, container=None, obj=None, headers=None)

  Bases: `BaseAclHandler`

  ObjectAclHandler: Handler for ObjectController

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.acl_handlers.PartAclHandler(req, logger, **kwargs)

  Bases: `MultiUploadAclHandler`

  PartAclHandler: Handler for PartController

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.acl_handlers.S3AclHandler(req, logger, container=None, obj=None, headers=None)

  Bases: `BaseAclHandler`

  S3AclHandler: Handler for S3AclController

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.acl_handlers.UploadAclHandler(req, logger, **kwargs)

  Bases: `MultiUploadAclHandler`

  UploadAclHandler: Handler for UploadController

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.acl_handlers.UploadsAclHandler(req, logger, **kwargs)

  Bases: `MultiUploadAclHandler`

  UploadsAclHandler: Handler for UploadsController

swift.common.middleware.s3api.acl_utils.handle_acl_header(req)

  Handle the x-amz-acl header. Note that this header currently used for only normal-acl (not implemented) on s3acl. TODO: add translation to swift acl like as x-container-read to s3acl

swift.common.middleware.s3api.acl_utils.swift_acl_translate(acl, group='', user='', xml=False)

  Takes an S3 style ACL and returns a list of header/value pairs that implement that ACL in Swift, or “NotImplemented” if there isn’t a way to do that yet.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.controllers.base.Controller(app, conf, logger, **kwargs)

  Bases: `object`

  Base WSGI controller class for the middleware

  classmethod resource_type()

    Returns the target resource type of this controller.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.controllers.base.UnsupportedController(app, conf, logger, **kwargs)

  Bases: `Controller`

  Handles unsupported requests.

swift.common.middleware.s3api.controllers.base.bucket_operation(func=None, err_resp=None, err_msg=None)

  A decorator to ensure that the request is a bucket operation. If the target resource is an object, this decorator updates the request by default so that the controller handles it as a bucket operation. If ‘err_resp’ is specified, this raises it on error instead.

swift.common.middleware.s3api.controllers.base.check_container_existence(func)

  A decorator to ensure the container existence.

swift.common.middleware.s3api.controllers.base.object_operation(func)

  A decorator to ensure that the request is an object operation. If the target resource is not an object, this raises an error response.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.controllers.service.ServiceController(app, conf, logger, **kwargs)

  Bases: `Controller`

  Handles account level requests.

  GET(req)

    Handle GET Service request

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.controllers.bucket.BucketController(app, conf, logger, **kwargs)

  Bases: `Controller`

  Handles bucket request.

  DELETE(req)

    Handle DELETE Bucket request

  GET(req)

    Handle GET Bucket (List Objects) request

  HEAD(req)

    Handle HEAD Bucket (Get Metadata) request

  POST(req)

    Handle POST Bucket request

  PUT(req)

    Handle PUT Bucket request

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.controllers.obj.ObjectController(app, conf, logger, **kwargs)

  Bases: `Controller`

  Handles requests on objects

  DELETE(req)

    Handle DELETE Object request

  GET(req)

    Handle GET Object request

  HEAD(req)

    Handle HEAD Object request

  PUT(req)

    Handle PUT Object and PUT Object (Copy) request

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.controllers.acl.AclController(app, conf, logger, **kwargs)

  Bases: `Controller`

  Handles the following APIs:

  - GET Bucket acl

  - PUT Bucket acl

  - GET Object acl

  - PUT Object acl

  Those APIs are logged as ACL operations in the S3 server log.

  GET(req)

    Handles GET Bucket acl and GET Object acl.

  PUT(req)

    Handles PUT Bucket acl and PUT Object acl.

swift.common.middleware.s3api.controllers.acl.get_acl(account_name, headers)

  Attempts to construct an S3 ACL based on what is found in the swift headers

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.controllers.s3_acl.S3AclController(app, conf, logger, **kwargs)

  Bases: `Controller`

  Handles the following APIs:

  - GET Bucket acl

  - PUT Bucket acl

  - GET Object acl

  - PUT Object acl

  Those APIs are logged as ACL operations in the S3 server log.

  GET(req)

    Handles GET Bucket acl and GET Object acl.

  PUT(req)

    Handles PUT Bucket acl and PUT Object acl.

Implementation of S3 Multipart Upload.

This module implements S3 Multipart Upload APIs with the Swift SLO feature. The following explains how S3api uses swift container and objects to store S3 upload information:

### [bucket]+segments

A container to store upload information. [bucket] is the original bucket where multipart upload is initiated.

### [bucket]+segments/[upload_id]

An object of the ongoing upload id. The object is empty and used for checking the target upload status. If the object exists, it means that the upload is initiated but not either completed or aborted.

### [bucket]+segments/[upload_id]/[part_number]

The last suffix is the part number under the upload id. When the client uploads the parts, they will be stored in the namespace with [bucket]+segments/[upload_id]/[part_number].

Example listing result in the [bucket]+segments container:

    [bucket]+segments/[upload_id1]  # upload id object for upload_id1
    [bucket]+segments/[upload_id1]/1  # part object for upload_id1
    [bucket]+segments/[upload_id1]/2  # part object for upload_id1
    [bucket]+segments/[upload_id1]/3  # part object for upload_id1
    [bucket]+segments/[upload_id2]  # upload id object for upload_id2
    [bucket]+segments/[upload_id2]/1  # part object for upload_id2
    [bucket]+segments/[upload_id2]/2  # part object for upload_id2
       .
       .

Those part objects are directly used as segments of a Swift Static Large Object when the multipart upload is completed.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.controllers.multi_upload.PartController(app, conf, logger, **kwargs)

  Bases: `Controller`

  Handles the following APIs:

  - Upload Part

  - Upload Part - Copy

  Those APIs are logged as PART operations in the S3 server log.

  PUT(req)

    Handles Upload Part and Upload Part Copy.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.controllers.multi_upload.UploadController(app, conf, logger, **kwargs)

  Bases: `Controller`

  Handles the following APIs:

  - List Parts

  - Abort Multipart Upload

  - Complete Multipart Upload

  Those APIs are logged as UPLOAD operations in the S3 server log.

  DELETE(req)

    Handles Abort Multipart Upload.

  GET(req)

    Handles List Parts.

  POST(req)

    Handles Complete Multipart Upload.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.controllers.multi_upload.UploadsController(app, conf, logger, **kwargs)

  Bases: `Controller`

  Handles the following APIs:

  - List Multipart Uploads

  - Initiate Multipart Upload

  Those APIs are logged as UPLOADS operations in the S3 server log.

  GET(req)

    Handles List Multipart Uploads

  POST(req)

    Handles Initiate Multipart Upload.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.controllers.multi_delete.MultiObjectDeleteController(app, conf, logger, **kwargs)

  Bases: `Controller`

  Handles Delete Multiple Objects, which is logged as a MULTI_OBJECT_DELETE operation in the S3 server log.

  POST(req)

    Handles Delete Multiple Objects.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.controllers.versioning.VersioningController(app, conf, logger, **kwargs)

  Bases: `Controller`

  Handles the following APIs:

  - GET Bucket versioning

  - PUT Bucket versioning

  Those APIs are logged as VERSIONING operations in the S3 server log.

  GET(req)

    Handles GET Bucket versioning.

  PUT(req)

    Handles PUT Bucket versioning.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.controllers.location.LocationController(app, conf, logger, **kwargs)

  Bases: `Controller`

  Handles GET Bucket location, which is logged as a LOCATION operation in the S3 server log.

  GET(req)

    Handles GET Bucket location.

class swift.common.middleware.s3api.controllers.logging.LoggingStatusController(app, conf, logger, **kwargs)

  Bases: `Controller`

  Handles the following APIs:

  - GET Bucket logging

  - PUT Bucket logging

  Those APIs are logged as LOGGING_STATUS operations in the S3 server log.

  GET(req)

    Handles GET Bucket logging.

  PUT(req)

    Handles PUT Bucket logging.

## Backend Ratelimit

class swift.common.middleware.backend_ratelimit.BackendRateLimitMiddleware(app, filter_conf, logger=None)

  Bases: `object`

  Backend rate-limiting middleware.

  Rate-limits requests to backend storage node devices. Each (device, request method) combination is independently rate-limited. All requests with a ‘GET’, ‘HEAD’, ‘PUT’, ‘POST’, ‘DELETE’, ‘UPDATE’ or ‘REPLICATE’ method are rate limited on a per-device basis by both a method-specific rate and an overall device rate limit.

  If a request would cause the rate-limit to be exceeded for the method and/or device then a response with a 529 status code is returned.

## Bulk Operations (Delete and Archive Auto Extraction)

Middleware that will perform many operations on a single request.

### Extract Archive

Expand tar files into a Swift account. Request must be a PUT with the query parameter `?extract-archive=format` specifying the format of archive file. Accepted formats are tar, tar.gz, and tar.bz2.

For a PUT to the following url:

    /v1/AUTH_Account/$UPLOAD_PATH?extract-archive=tar.gz

UPLOAD_PATH is where the files will be expanded to. UPLOAD_PATH can be a container, a pseudo-directory within a container, or an empty string. The destination of a file in the archive will be built as follows:

    /v1/AUTH_Account/$UPLOAD_PATH/$FILE_PATH

Where FILE_PATH is the file name from the listing in the tar file.

If the UPLOAD_PATH is an empty string, containers will be auto created accordingly and files in the tar that would not map to any container (files in the base directory) will be ignored.

Only regular files will be uploaded. Empty directories, symlinks, etc will not be uploaded.

### Content Type

If the content-type header is set in the extract-archive call, Swift will assign that content-type to all the underlying files. The bulk middleware will extract the archive file and send the internal files using PUT operations using the same headers from the original request (e.g. auth-tokens, content-Type, etc.). Notice that any middleware call that follows the bulk middleware does not know if this was a bulk request or if these were individual requests sent by the user.

In order to make Swift detect the content-type for the files based on the file extension, the content-type in the extract-archive call should not be set. Alternatively, it is possible to explicitly tell Swift to detect the content type using this header:

    X-Detect-Content-Type: true

For example:

    curl -X PUT http://127.0.0.1/v1/AUTH_acc/cont/$?extract-archive=tar
     -T backup.tar
     -H "Content-Type: application/x-tar"
     -H "X-Auth-Token: xxx"
     -H "X-Detect-Content-Type: true"

### Assigning Metadata

The tar file format (1) allows for UTF-8 key/value pairs to be associated with each file in an archive. If a file has extended attributes, then tar will store those as key/value pairs. The bulk middleware can read those extended attributes and convert them to Swift object metadata. Attributes starting with “user.meta” are converted to object metadata, and “user.mime_type” is converted to Content-Type.

For example:

    setfattr -n user.mime_type -v "application/python-setup" setup.py
    setfattr -n user.meta.lunch -v "burger and fries" setup.py
    setfattr -n user.meta.dinner -v "baked ziti" setup.py
    setfattr -n user.stuff -v "whee" setup.py

Will get translated to headers:

    Content-Type: application/python-setup
    X-Object-Meta-Lunch: burger and fries
    X-Object-Meta-Dinner: baked ziti

The bulk middleware will handle xattrs stored by both GNU and BSD tar (2). Only xattrs `user.mime_type` and `user.meta.*` are processed. Other attributes are ignored.

In addition to the extended attributes, the object metadata and the x-delete-at/x-delete-after headers set in the request are also assigned to the extracted objects.

Notes:

(1) The POSIX 1003.1-2001 (pax) format. The default format on GNU tar 1.27.1 or later.

(2) Even with pax-format tarballs, different encoders store xattrs slightly differently; for example, GNU tar stores the xattr “user.userattribute” as pax header “SCHILY.xattr.user.userattribute”, while BSD tar (which uses libarchive) stores it as “LIBARCHIVE.xattr.user.userattribute”.

### Response

The response from bulk operations functions differently from other Swift responses. This is because a short request body sent from the client could result in many operations on the proxy server and precautions need to be made to prevent the request from timing out due to lack of activity. To this end, the client will always receive a 200 OK response, regardless of the actual success of the call. The body of the response must be parsed to determine the actual success of the operation. In addition to this the client may receive zero or more whitespace characters prepended to the actual response body while the proxy server is completing the request.

The format of the response body defaults to text/plain but can be either json or xml depending on the `Accept` header. Acceptable formats are `text/plain`, `application/json`, `application/xml`, and `text/xml`. An example body is as follows:

    {"Response Status": "201 Created",
     "Response Body": "",
     "Errors": [],
     "Number Files Created": 10}

If all valid files were uploaded successfully the Response Status will be 201 Created. If any files failed to be created the response code corresponds to the subrequest’s error. Possible codes are 400, 401, 502 (on server errors), etc. In both cases the response body will specify the number of files successfully uploaded and a list of the files that failed.

There are proxy logs created for each file (which becomes a subrequest) in the tar. The subrequest’s proxy log will have a swift.source set to “EA” the log’s content length will reflect the unzipped size of the file. If double proxy-logging is used the leftmost logger will not have a swift.source set and the content length will reflect the size of the payload sent to the proxy (the unexpanded size of the tar.gz).

### Bulk Delete

Will delete multiple objects or containers from their account with a single request. Responds to POST requests with query parameter `?bulk-delete` set. The request url is your storage url. The Content-Type should be set to `text/plain`. The body of the POST request will be a newline separated list of url encoded objects to delete. You can delete 10,000 (configurable) objects per request. The objects specified in the POST request body must be URL encoded and in the form:

    /container_name/obj_name

or for a container (which must be empty at time of delete):

    /container_name

The response is similar to extract archive as in every response will be a 200 OK and you must parse the response body for actual results. An example response is:

    {"Number Not Found": 0,
     "Response Status": "200 OK",
     "Response Body": "",
     "Errors": [],
     "Number Deleted": 6}

If all items were successfully deleted (or did not exist), the Response Status will be 200 OK. If any failed to delete, the response code corresponds to the subrequest’s error. Possible codes are 400, 401, 502 (on server errors), etc. In all cases the response body will specify the number of items successfully deleted, not found, and a list of those that failed. The return body will be formatted in the way specified in the request’s `Accept` header. Acceptable formats are `text/plain`, `application/json`, `application/xml`, and `text/xml`.

There are proxy logs created for each object or container (which becomes a subrequest) that is deleted. The subrequest’s proxy log will have a swift.source set to “BD” the log’s content length of 0. If double proxy-logging is used the leftmost logger will not have a swift.source set and the content length will reflect the size of the payload sent to the proxy (the list of objects/containers to be deleted).

exception swift.common.middleware.bulk.CreateContainerError(msg, status_int, status)

  Bases: `Exception`

## CatchErrors

exception swift.common.middleware.catch_errors.BadResponseLength

  Bases: `Exception`

class swift.common.middleware.catch_errors.ByteEnforcer(inner_iter, nbytes)

  Bases: `object`

  Enforces that inner_iter yields exactly <nbytes> bytes before exhaustion.

  If inner_iter fails to do so, BadResponseLength is raised.

  Parameters:

    - inner_iter – iterable of bytestrings

    - nbytes – number of bytes expected

  N.B. since we require the nbytes param and require the inner_iter to yield exactly that many bytes we can support the __len__ interface for anyone happens to expect non chunked resp iterables to support that (e.g. eventlet’s wsgi.server).

class swift.common.middleware.catch_errors.CatchErrorMiddleware(app, conf)

  Bases: `object`

  Middleware that provides high-level error handling and ensures that a transaction id will be set for every request.

class swift.common.middleware.catch_errors.CatchErrorsContext(app, logger, trans_id_suffix='')

  Bases: `WSGIContext`

## CNAME Lookup

CNAME Lookup Middleware

Middleware that translates an unknown domain in the host header to something that ends with the configured storage_domain by looking up the given domain’s CNAME record in DNS.

This middleware will continue to follow a CNAME chain in DNS until it finds a record ending in the configured storage domain or it reaches the configured maximum lookup depth. If a match is found, the environment’s Host header is rewritten and the request is passed further down the WSGI chain.

class swift.common.middleware.cname_lookup.CNAMELookupMiddleware(app, conf)

  Bases: `object`

  CNAME Lookup Middleware

  See above for a full description.

  Parameters:

    - app – The next WSGI filter or app in the paste.deploy chain.

    - conf – The configuration dict for the middleware.

swift.common.middleware.cname_lookup.lookup_cname(domain, resolver)

  Given a domain, returns its DNS CNAME mapping and DNS ttl.

  Parameters:

    - domain – domain to query on

    - resolver – dns.resolver.Resolver() instance used for executing DNS queries

  Returns:

    (ttl, result)

## Container Quotas

The `container_quotas` middleware implements simple quotas that can be imposed on swift containers by a user with the ability to set container metadata, most likely the account administrator. This can be useful for limiting the scope of containers that are delegated to non-admin users, exposed to `formpost` uploads, or just as a self-imposed sanity check.

Any object PUT operations that exceed these quotas return a 413 response (request entity too large) with a descriptive body.

Quotas are subject to several limitations: eventual consistency, the timeliness of the cached container_info (60 second ttl by default), and it’s unable to reject chunked transfer uploads that exceed the quota (though once the quota is exceeded, new chunked transfers will be refused).

Quotas are set by adding meta values to the container, and are validated when set:

Metadata | Use
--- | ---
X-Container-Meta-Quota-Bytes | Maximum size of the container, in bytes.
X-Container-Meta-Quota-Count | Maximum object count of the container.

The `container_quotas` middleware should be added to the pipeline in your `/etc/swift/proxy-server.conf` file just after any auth middleware. For example:

    [pipeline:main]
    pipeline = catch_errors cache tempauth container_quotas proxy-server

    [filter:container_quotas]
    use = egg:swift#container_quotas

## Container Sync Middleware

class swift.common.middleware.container_sync.ContainerSync(app, conf, logger=None)

  Bases: `object`

  WSGI middleware that validates an incoming container sync request using the container-sync-realms.conf style of container sync.

## Cross Domain Policies

class swift.common.middleware.crossdomain.CrossDomainMiddleware(app, conf, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `object`

  Cross domain middleware used to respond to requests for cross domain policy information.

  If the path is `/crossdomain.xml` it will respond with an xml cross domain policy document. This allows web pages hosted elsewhere to use client side technologies such as Flash, Java and Silverlight to interact with the Swift API.

  To enable this middleware, add it to the pipeline in your proxy-server.conf file. It should be added before any authentication (e.g., tempauth or keystone) middleware. In this example ellipsis (…) indicate other middleware you may have chosen to use:

      [pipeline:main]
      pipeline =  ... crossdomain ... authtoken ... proxy-server

  And add a filter section, such as:

      [filter:crossdomain]
      use = egg:swift#crossdomain
      cross_domain_policy = <allow-access-from domain="*.example.com" />
          <allow-access-from domain="www.example.com" secure="false" />

  For continuation lines, put some whitespace before the continuation text. Ensure you put a completely blank line to terminate the `cross_domain_policy` value.

  The `cross_domain_policy` name/value is optional. If omitted, the policy defaults as if you had specified:

      cross_domain_policy = <allow-access-from domain="*" secure="false" />

  Note

  The default policy is very permissive; this is appropriate for most public cloud deployments, but may not be appropriate for all deployments. See also: CWE-942

  GET(req)

    Returns a 200 response with cross domain policy information

## Discoverability

Swift will by default provide clients with an interface providing details about the installation. Unless disabled (i.e `expose_info=false` in Proxy Server Configuration), a GET request to `/info` will return configuration data in JSON format. An example response:

    {"swift": {"version": "1.11.0"}, "staticweb": {}, "tempurl": {}}

This would signify to the client that swift version 1.11.0 is running and that staticweb and tempurl are available in this installation.

There may be administrator-only information available via `/info`. To retrieve it, one must use an HMAC-signed request, similar to TempURL. The signature may be produced like so:

    swift tempurl GET 3600 /info secret 2>/dev/null | sed s/temp_url/swiftinfo/g

## Domain Remap

Domain Remap Middleware

Middleware that translates container and account parts of a domain to path parameters that the proxy server understands.

Translation is only performed when the request URL’s host domain matches one of a list of domains. This list may be configured by the option `storage_domain`, and defaults to the single domain `example.com`.

If not already present, a configurable `path_root`, which defaults to `v1`, will be added to the start of the translated path.

For example, with the default configuration:

    container.AUTH-account.example.com/object
    container.AUTH-account.example.com/v1/object

would both be translated to:

    container.AUTH-account.example.com/v1/AUTH_account/container/object

and:

    AUTH-account.example.com/container/object
    AUTH-account.example.com/v1/container/object

would both be translated to:

    AUTH-account.example.com/v1/AUTH_account/container/object

Additionally, translation is only performed when the account name in the translated path starts with a reseller prefix matching one of a list configured by the option `reseller_prefixes`, or when no match is found but a `default_reseller_prefix` has been configured.

The `reseller_prefixes` list defaults to the single prefix `AUTH`. The `default_reseller_prefix` is not configured by default.

Browsers can convert a host header to lowercase, so the middleware checks that the reseller prefix on the account name is the correct case. This is done by comparing the items in the `reseller_prefixes` config option to the found prefix. If they match except for case, the item from `reseller_prefixes` will be used instead of the found reseller prefix. The middleware will also replace any hyphen (‘-’) in the account name with an underscore (‘_’).

For example, with the default configuration:

    auth-account.example.com/container/object
    AUTH-account.example.com/container/object
    auth_account.example.com/container/object
    AUTH_account.example.com/container/object

would all be translated to:

    <unchanged>.example.com/v1/AUTH_account/container/object

When no match is found in `reseller_prefixes`, the `default_reseller_prefix` config option is used. When no `default_reseller_prefix` is configured, any request with an account prefix not in the `reseller_prefixes` list will be ignored by this middleware.

For example, with `default_reseller_prefix = AUTH`:

    account.example.com/container/object

would be translated to:

    account.example.com/v1/AUTH_account/container/object

Note that this middleware requires that container names and account names (except as described above) must be DNS-compatible. This means that the account name created in the system and the containers created by users cannot exceed 63 characters or have UTF-8 characters. These are restrictions over and above what Swift requires and are not explicitly checked. Simply put, this middleware will do a best-effort attempt to derive account and container names from elements in the domain name and put those derived values into the URL path (leaving the `Host` header unchanged).

Also note that using Container to Container Synchronization with remapped domain names is not advised. With Container to Container Synchronization, you should use the true storage end points as sync destinations.

class swift.common.middleware.domain_remap.DomainRemapMiddleware(app, conf)

  Bases: `object`

  Domain Remap Middleware

  See above for a full description.

  Parameters:

    - app – The next WSGI filter or app in the paste.deploy chain.

    - conf – The configuration dict for the middleware.

## Dynamic Large Objects

DLO support centers around a user specified filter that matches segments and concatenates them together in object listing order. Please see the DLO docs for Dynamic Large Objects further details.

## Encryption

Encryption middleware should be deployed in conjunction with the Keymaster middleware.

Implements middleware for object encryption which comprises an instance of a `Decrypter` combined with an instance of an `Encrypter`.

swift.common.middleware.crypto.filter_factory(global_conf, **local_conf)

  Provides a factory function for loading encryption middleware.

class swift.common.middleware.crypto.encrypter.EncInputWrapper(crypto, keys, req, logger)

  Bases: `InputProxy`

  File-like object to be swapped in for wsgi.input.

  chunk_update(chunk, eof, *args, **kwargs)

    Called each time a chunk of bytes is read from the wrapped input.

    Parameters:

      - chunk – the chunk of bytes that has been read.

      - eof – `True` if there are no more bytes to read from the wrapped input, `False` otherwise. If `read()` has been called this will be `True` when the size of `chunk` is less than the requested size or the requested size is None. If `readline` has been called this will be `True` when an incomplete line is read (i.e. not ending with `b'\n'`) whose length is less than the requested size or the requested size is None. If `read()` or `readline()` are called with a requested size that exactly matches the number of bytes remaining in the wrapped input then `eof` will be `False`. A subsequent call to `read()` or `readline()` with non-zero `size` would result in `eof` being `True`. Alternatively, the end of the input could be inferred by comparing `bytes_received` with the expected length of the input.

class swift.common.middleware.crypto.encrypter.Encrypter(app, conf)

  Bases: `object`

  Middleware for encrypting data and user metadata.

  By default all PUT or POST’ed object data and/or metadata will be encrypted. Encryption of new data and/or metadata may be disabled by setting the `disable_encryption` option to True. However, this middleware should remain in the pipeline in order for existing encrypted data to be read.

class swift.common.middleware.crypto.encrypter.EncrypterObjContext(encrypter, logger)

  Bases: `CryptoWSGIContext`

  encrypt_user_metadata(req, keys)

    Encrypt user-metadata header values. Replace each x-object-meta-<key> user metadata header with a corresponding x-object-transient-sysmeta-crypto-meta-<key> header which has the crypto metadata required to decrypt appended to the encrypted value.

    Parameters:

      - req – a swob Request

      - keys – a dict of encryption keys

  handle_post(req, start_response)

    Encrypt the new object headers with a new iv and the current crypto. Note that an object may have encrypted headers while the body may remain unencrypted.

swift.common.middleware.crypto.encrypter.encrypt_header_val(crypto, value, key)

  Encrypt a header value using the supplied key.

  Parameters:

    - crypto – a Crypto instance

    - value – value to encrypt

    - key – crypto key to use

  Returns:

    a tuple of (encrypted value, crypto_meta) where crypto_meta is a dict of form returned by `get_crypto_meta()`

  Raises:

    ValueError – if value is empty

class swift.common.middleware.crypto.decrypter.BaseDecrypterContext(crypto_app, server_type, logger)

  Bases: `CryptoWSGIContext`

  decrypt_value(value, key, crypto_meta, decoder)

    Base64-decode and decrypt a value using the crypto_meta provided.

    Parameters:

      - value – a base64-encoded value to decrypt

      - key – crypto key to use

      - crypto_meta – a crypto-meta dict of form returned by `get_crypto_meta()`

      - decoder – function to turn the decrypted bytes into useful data

    Returns:

      decrypted value

  decrypt_value_with_meta(value, key, required, decoder)

    Base64-decode and decrypt a value if crypto meta can be extracted from the value itself, otherwise return the value unmodified.

    A value should either be a string that does not contain the ‘;’ character or should be of the form:

        <base64-encoded ciphertext>;swift_meta=<crypto meta>

    Parameters:

      - value – value to decrypt

      - key – crypto key to use

      - required – if True then the value is required to be decrypted and an EncryptionException will be raised if the header cannot be decrypted due to missing crypto meta.

      - decoder – function to turn the decrypted bytes into useful data

    Returns:

      decrypted value if crypto meta is found, otherwise the unmodified value

    Raises:

      EncryptionException – if an error occurs while parsing crypto meta or if the header value was required to be decrypted but crypto meta was not found.

  get_crypto_meta(header_name, check=True)

    Extract a crypto_meta dict from a header.

    Parameters:

      - header_name – name of header that may have crypto_meta

      - check – if True validate the crypto meta

    Returns:

      A dict containing crypto_meta items

    Raises:

      EncryptionException – if an error occurs while parsing the crypto meta

  get_decryption_keys(req, crypto_meta=None)

    Determine if a response should be decrypted, and if so then fetch keys.

    Parameters:

      - req – a Request object

      - crypto_meta – a dict of crypto metadata

    Returns:

      a dict of decryption keys

  get_unwrapped_key(crypto_meta, wrapping_key)

    Get a wrapped key from crypto-meta and unwrap it using the provided wrapping key.

    Parameters:

      - crypto_meta – a dict of crypto-meta

      - wrapping_key – key to be used to decrypt the wrapped key

    Returns:

      an unwrapped key

    Raises:

      HTTPInternalServerError – if the crypto-meta has no wrapped key or the unwrapped key is invalid

class swift.common.middleware.crypto.decrypter.Decrypter(app, conf)

  Bases: `object`

  Middleware for decrypting data and user metadata.

class swift.common.middleware.crypto.decrypter.DecrypterContContext(decrypter, logger)

  Bases: `BaseDecrypterContext`

  process_json_resp(req, resp_iter)

    Parses json body listing and decrypt encrypted entries. Updates Content-Length header with new body length and return a body iter.

class swift.common.middleware.crypto.decrypter.DecrypterObjContext(decrypter, logger)

  Bases: `BaseDecrypterContext`

  decrypt_resp_headers(put_keys, post_keys, update_cors_exposed)

    Find encrypted headers and replace with the decrypted versions.

    Parameters:

      - put_keys – a dict of decryption keys used for object PUT.

      - post_keys – a dict of decryption keys used for object POST.

    Returns:

      A list of headers with any encrypted headers replaced by their decrypted values.

    Raises:

      HTTPInternalServerError – if any error occurs while decrypting headers

  multipart_response_iter(resp, boundary, body_key, crypto_meta)

    Decrypts a multipart mime doc response body.

    Parameters:

      - resp – application response

      - boundary – multipart boundary string

      - body_key – decryption key for the response body

      - crypto_meta – crypto_meta for the response body

    Returns:

      generator for decrypted response body

  response_iter(resp, body_key, crypto_meta, offset)

    Decrypts a response body.

    Parameters:

      - resp – application response

      - body_key – decryption key for the response body

      - crypto_meta – crypto_meta for the response body

      - offset – offset into object content at which response body starts

    Returns:

      generator for decrypted response body

## Etag Quoter

This middleware fix the Etag header of responses so that it is RFC compliant. RFC 7232 specifies that the value of the Etag header must be double quoted.

It must be placed at the beggining of the pipeline, right after cache:

    [pipeline:main]
    pipeline = ...  cache etag-quoter ...

    [filter:etag-quoter]
    use = egg:swift#etag_quoter

Set `X-Account-Rfc-Compliant-Etags: true` at the account level to have any Etags in object responses be double quoted, as in `"d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e"`. Alternatively, you may only fix Etags in a single container by setting `X-Container-Rfc-Compliant-Etags: true` on the container. This may be necessary for Swift to work properly with some CDNs.

Either option may also be explicitly disabled, so you may enable quoted Etags account-wide as above but turn them off for individual containers with `X-Container-Rfc-Compliant-Etags: false`. This may be useful if some subset of applications expect Etags to be bare MD5s.

## FormPost

FormPost Middleware

Translates a browser form post into a regular Swift object PUT.

The format of the form is:

    <form action="<swift-url>" method="POST"
          enctype="multipart/form-data">
      <input type="hidden" name="redirect" value="<redirect-url>" />
      <input type="hidden" name="max_file_size" value="<bytes>" />
      <input type="hidden" name="max_file_count" value="<count>" />
      <input type="hidden" name="expires" value="<unix-timestamp>" />
      <input type="hidden" name="signature" value="<hmac>" />
      <input type="file" name="file1" /><br />
      <input type="submit" />
    </form>

Optionally, if you want the uploaded files to be temporary you can set x-delete-at or x-delete-after attributes by adding one of these as a form input:

    <input type="hidden" name="x_delete_at" value="<unix-timestamp>" />
    <input type="hidden" name="x_delete_after" value="<seconds>" />

If you want to specify the content type or content encoding of the files you can set content-encoding or content-type by adding them to the form input:

    <input type="hidden" name="content-type" value="text/html" />
    <input type="hidden" name="content-encoding" value="gzip" />

The above example applies these parameters to all uploaded files. You can also set the content-type and content-encoding on a per-file basis by adding the parameters to each part of the upload.

The <swift-url> is the URL of the Swift destination, such as:

    https://swift-cluster.example.com/v1/AUTH_account/container/object_prefix

The name of each file uploaded will be appended to the <swift-url> given. So, you can upload directly to the root of container with a url like:

    https://swift-cluster.example.com/v1/AUTH_account/container/

Optionally, you can include an object prefix to better separate different users’ uploads, such as:

    https://swift-cluster.example.com/v1/AUTH_account/container/object_prefix

Note the form method must be POST and the enctype must be set as “multipart/form-data”.

The redirect attribute is the URL to redirect the browser to after the upload completes. This is an optional parameter. If you are uploading the form via an XMLHttpRequest the redirect should not be included. The URL will have status and message query parameters added to it, indicating the HTTP status code for the upload (2xx is success) and a possible message for further information if there was an error (such as “max_file_size exceeded”).

The max_file_size attribute must be included and indicates the largest single file upload that can be done, in bytes.

The max_file_count attribute must be included and indicates the maximum number of files that can be uploaded with the form. Include additional `<input type="file" name="filexx" />` attributes if desired.

The expires attribute is the Unix timestamp before which the form must be submitted before it is invalidated.

The signature attribute is the HMAC signature of the form. Here is sample code for computing the signature:

    import hmac
    from hashlib import sha512
    from time import time
    path = '/v1/account/container/object_prefix'
    redirect = 'https://srv.com/some-page'  # set to '' if redirect not in form
    max_file_size = 104857600
    max_file_count = 10
    expires = int(time() + 600)
    key = 'mykey'
    hmac_body = '%s\n%s\n%s\n%s\n%s' % (path, redirect,
        max_file_size, max_file_count, expires)
    signature = hmac.new(key, hmac_body, sha512).hexdigest()

The key is the value of either the account (X-Account-Meta-Temp-URL-Key, X-Account-Meta-Temp-Url-Key-2) or the container (X-Container-Meta-Temp-URL-Key, X-Container-Meta-Temp-Url-Key-2) TempURL keys.

Be certain to use the full path, from the /v1/ onward. Note that x_delete_at and x_delete_after are not used in signature generation as they are both optional attributes.

The command line tool `swift-form-signature` may be used (mostly just when testing) to compute expires and signature.

Also note that the file attributes must be after the other attributes in order to be processed correctly. If attributes come after the file, they won’t be sent with the subrequest (there is no way to parse all the attributes on the server-side without reading the whole thing into memory – to service many requests, some with large files, there just isn’t enough memory on the server, so attributes following the file are simply ignored).

class swift.common.middleware.formpost.FormPost(app, conf, logger=None)

  Bases: `object`

  FormPost Middleware

  See above for a full description.

  The proxy logs created for any subrequests made will have swift.source set to “FP”.

  Parameters:

    - app – The next WSGI filter or app in the paste.deploy chain.

    - conf – The configuration dict for the middleware.

  app

    The next WSGI application/filter in the paste.deploy pipeline.

  conf

    The filter configuration dict.

swift.common.middleware.formpost.MAX_VALUE_LENGTH = 4096

  The maximum size of any attribute’s value. Any additional data will be truncated.

swift.common.middleware.formpost.READ_CHUNK_SIZE = 4096

  The size of data to read from the form at any given time.

swift.common.middleware.formpost.filter_factory(global_conf, **local_conf)

  Returns the WSGI filter for use with paste.deploy.

## GateKeeper

The `gatekeeper` middleware imposes restrictions on the headers that may be included with requests and responses. Request headers are filtered to remove headers that should never be generated by a client. Similarly, response headers are filtered to remove private headers that should never be passed to a client.

The `gatekeeper` middleware must always be present in the proxy server wsgi pipeline. It should be configured close to the start of the pipeline specified in `/etc/swift/proxy-server.conf`, immediately after catch_errors and before any other middleware. It is essential that it is configured ahead of all middlewares using system metadata in order that they function correctly.

If `gatekeeper` middleware is not configured in the pipeline then it will be automatically inserted close to the start of the pipeline by the proxy server.

swift.common.middleware.gatekeeper.outbound_exclusions = ['x-account-sysmeta-', 'x-container-sysmeta-', 'x-object-sysmeta-', 'x-object-transient-sysmeta-', 'x-backend']

  A list of python regular expressions that will be used to match against outbound response headers. Matching headers will be removed from the response.

## Healthcheck

class swift.common.middleware.healthcheck.HealthCheckMiddleware(app, conf)

  Bases: `object`

  Healthcheck middleware used for monitoring.

  If the path is /healthcheck, it will respond 200 with “OK” as the body.

  If the optional config parameter “disable_path” is set, and a file is present at that path, it will respond 503 with “DISABLED BY FILE” as the body.

  DISABLED(req)

    Returns a 503 response with “DISABLED BY FILE” in the body.

  GET(req)

    Returns a 200 response with “OK” in the body.

## Keymaster

Keymaster middleware should be deployed in conjunction with the Encryption middleware.

class swift.common.middleware.crypto.keymaster.BaseKeyMaster(app, conf)

  Bases: `object`

  Base middleware for providing encryption keys.

  This provides some basic helpers for:

  - loading from a separate config path,

  - deriving keys based on path, and

  - installing a `swift.callback.fetch_crypto_keys` hook in the request environment.

  Subclasses should define `log_route`, `keymaster_opts`, and `keymaster_conf_section` attributes, and implement the `_get_root_secret` function.

  create_key(path, secret_id=None)

    Creates an encryption key that is unique for the given path.

    Parameters:

      - path – the (WSGI string) path of the resource being encrypted.

      - secret_id – the id of the root secret from which the key should be derived.

    Returns:

      an encryption key.

    Raises:

      UnknownSecretIdError – if the secret_id is not recognised.

class swift.common.middleware.crypto.keymaster.KeyMaster(app, conf)

  Bases: `BaseKeyMaster`

  Middleware for providing encryption keys.

  The middleware requires its encryption root secret to be set. This is the root secret from which encryption keys are derived. This must be set before first use to a value that is at least 256 bits. The security of all encrypted data critically depends on this key, therefore it should be set to a high-entropy value. For example, a suitable value may be obtained by generating a 32 byte (or longer) value using a cryptographically secure random number generator. Changing the root secret is likely to result in data loss.

class swift.common.middleware.crypto.keymaster.KeyMasterContext(keymaster, account, container, obj, meta_version_to_write='2')

  Bases: `WSGIContext`

  The simple scheme for key derivation is as follows: every path is associated with a key, where the key is derived from the path itself in a deterministic fashion such that the key does not need to be stored. Specifically, the key for any path is an HMAC of a root key and the path itself, calculated using an SHA256 hash function:

      <path_key> = HMAC_SHA256(<root_secret>, <path>)

  fetch_crypto_keys(key_id=None, *args, **kwargs)

    Setup container and object keys based on the request path.

    Keys are derived from request path. The ‘id’ entry in the results dict includes the part of the path used to derive keys. Other keymaster implementations may use a different strategy to generate keys and may include a different type of ‘id’, so callers should treat the ‘id’ as opaque keymaster-specific data.

    Parameters:

      key_id – if given this should be a dict with the items included under the `id` key of a dict returned by this method.

    Returns:

      A dict containing encryption keys for ‘object’ and ‘container’, and entries ‘id’ and ‘all_ids’. The ‘all_ids’ entry is a list of key id dicts for all root secret ids including the one used to generate the returned keys.

## KeystoneAuth

class swift.common.middleware.keystoneauth.KeystoneAuth(app, conf)

  Bases: `object`

  Swift middleware to Keystone authorization system.

  In Swift’s proxy-server.conf add this keystoneauth middleware and the authtoken middleware to your pipeline. Make sure you have the authtoken middleware before the keystoneauth middleware.

  The authtoken middleware will take care of validating the user and keystoneauth will authorize access.

  The sample proxy-server.conf shows a sample pipeline that uses keystone.

  `proxy-server.conf-sample`

  The authtoken middleware is shipped with keystonemiddleware - it does not have any other dependencies than itself so you can either install it by copying the file directly in your python path or by installing keystonemiddleware.

  If support is required for unvalidated users (as with anonymous access) or for formpost/staticweb/tempurl middleware, authtoken will need to be configured with `delay_auth_decision` set to true. See the Keystone documentation for more detail on how to configure the authtoken middleware.

  In proxy-server.conf you will need to have the setting account auto creation to true:

      [app:proxy-server]
      account_autocreate = true

  And add a swift authorization filter section, such as:

      [filter:keystoneauth]
      use = egg:swift#keystoneauth
      operator_roles = admin, swiftoperator

  The user who is able to give ACL / create Containers permissions will be the user with a role listed in the `operator_roles` setting which by default includes the admin and the swiftoperator roles.

  The keystoneauth middleware maps a Keystone project/tenant to an account in Swift by adding a prefix (`AUTH_` by default) to the tenant/project id.. For example, if the project id is `1234`, the path is `/v1/AUTH_1234`.

  If you need to have a different reseller_prefix to be able to mix different auth servers you can configure the option `reseller_prefix` in your keystoneauth entry like this:

      reseller_prefix = NEWAUTH

  Don’t forget to also update the Keystone service endpoint configuration to use NEWAUTH in the path.

  It is possible to have several accounts associated with the same project. This is done by listing several prefixes as shown in the following example:

      reseller_prefix = AUTH, SERVICE

  This means that for project id ‘1234’, the paths ‘/v1/AUTH_1234’ and ‘/v1/SERVICE_1234’ are associated with the project and are authorized using roles that a user has with that project. The core use of this feature is that it is possible to provide different rules for each account prefix. The following parameters may be prefixed with the appropriate prefix:

      operator_roles
      service_roles

  For backward compatibility, if either of these parameters is specified without a prefix then it applies to all reseller_prefixes. Here is an example, using two prefixes:

      reseller_prefix = AUTH, SERVICE
      # The next three lines have identical effects (since the first applies
      # to both prefixes).
      operator_roles = admin, swiftoperator
      AUTH_operator_roles = admin, swiftoperator
      SERVICE_operator_roles = admin, swiftoperator
      # The next line only applies to accounts with the SERVICE prefix
      SERVICE_operator_roles = admin, some_other_role

  X-Service-Token tokens are supported by the inclusion of the service_roles configuration option. When present, this option requires that the X-Service-Token header supply a token from a user who has a role listed in service_roles. Here is an example configuration:

      reseller_prefix = AUTH, SERVICE
      AUTH_operator_roles = admin, swiftoperator
      SERVICE_operator_roles = admin, swiftoperator
      SERVICE_service_roles = service

  The keystoneauth middleware supports cross-tenant access control using the syntax `<tenant>:<user>` to specify a grantee in container Access Control Lists (ACLs). For a request to be granted by an ACL, the grantee `<tenant>` must match the UUID of the tenant to which the request X-Auth-Token is scoped and the grantee `<user>` must match the UUID of the user authenticated by that token.

  Note that names must no longer be used in cross-tenant ACLs because with the introduction of domains in keystone names are no longer globally unique.

  For backwards compatibility, ACLs using names will be granted by keystoneauth when it can be established that the grantee tenant, the grantee user and the tenant being accessed are either not yet in a domain (e.g. the X-Auth-Token has been obtained via the keystone v2 API) or are all in the default domain to which legacy accounts would have been migrated. The default domain is identified by its UUID, which by default has the value `default`. This can be changed by setting the `default_domain_id` option in the keystoneauth configuration:

      default_domain_id = default

  The backwards compatible behavior can be disabled by setting the config option `allow_names_in_acls` to false:

      allow_names_in_acls = false

  To enable this backwards compatibility, keystoneauth will attempt to determine the domain id of a tenant when any new account is created, and persist this as account metadata. If an account is created for a tenant using a token with reselleradmin role that is not scoped on that tenant, keystoneauth is unable to determine the domain id of the tenant; keystoneauth will assume that the tenant may not be in the default domain and therefore not match names in ACLs for that account.

  By default, middleware higher in the WSGI pipeline may override auth processing, useful for middleware such as tempurl and formpost. If you know you’re not going to use such middleware and you want a bit of extra security you can disable this behaviour by setting the `allow_overrides` option to `false`:

      allow_overrides = false

  Parameters:

    - app – The next WSGI app in the pipeline

    - conf – The dict of configuration values

  authorize_anonymous(req)

    Authorize an anonymous request.

    Returns:

      None if authorization is granted, an error page otherwise.

  denied_response(req)

    Deny WSGI Response.

    Returns a standard WSGI response callable with the status of 403 or 401 depending on whether the REMOTE_USER is set or not.

swift.common.middleware.keystoneauth.filter_factory(global_conf, **local_conf)

  Returns a WSGI filter app for use with paste.deploy.

## List Endpoints

List endpoints for an object, account or container.

This middleware makes it possible to integrate swift with software that relies on data locality information to avoid network overhead, such as Hadoop.

Using the original API, answers requests of the form:

    /endpoints/{account}/{container}/{object}
    /endpoints/{account}/{container}
    /endpoints/{account}
    /endpoints/v1/{account}/{container}/{object}
    /endpoints/v1/{account}/{container}
    /endpoints/v1/{account}

with a JSON-encoded list of endpoints of the form:

    http://{server}:{port}/{dev}/{part}/{acc}/{cont}/{obj}
    http://{server}:{port}/{dev}/{part}/{acc}/{cont}
    http://{server}:{port}/{dev}/{part}/{acc}

correspondingly, e.g.:

    http://10.1.1.1:6200/sda1/2/a/c2/o1
    http://10.1.1.1:6200/sda1/2/a/c2
    http://10.1.1.1:6200/sda1/2/a

Using the v2 API, answers requests of the form:

    /endpoints/v2/{account}/{container}/{object}
    /endpoints/v2/{account}/{container}
    /endpoints/v2/{account}

with a JSON-encoded dictionary containing a key ‘endpoints’ that maps to a list of endpoints having the same form as described above, and a key ‘headers’ that maps to a dictionary of headers that should be sent with a request made to the endpoints, e.g.:

    { "endpoints": {"http://10.1.1.1:6210/sda1/2/a/c3/o1",
                    "http://10.1.1.1:6230/sda3/2/a/c3/o1",
                    "http://10.1.1.1:6240/sda4/2/a/c3/o1"},
      "headers": {"X-Backend-Storage-Policy-Index": "1"}}

In this example, the ‘headers’ dictionary indicates that requests to the endpoint URLs should include the header ‘X-Backend-Storage-Policy-Index: 1’ because the object’s container is using storage policy index 1.

The ‘/endpoints/’ path is customizable (‘list_endpoints_path’ configuration parameter).

Intended for consumption by third-party services living inside the cluster (as the endpoints make sense only inside the cluster behind the firewall); potentially written in a different language.

This is why it’s provided as a REST API and not just a Python API: to avoid requiring clients to write their own ring parsers in their languages, and to avoid the necessity to distribute the ring file to clients and keep it up-to-date.

Note that the call is not authenticated, which means that a proxy with this middleware enabled should not be open to an untrusted environment (everyone can query the locality data using this middleware).

class swift.common.middleware.list_endpoints.ListEndpointsMiddleware(app, conf)

  Bases: `object`

  List endpoints for an object, account or container.

  See above for a full description.

  Uses configuration parameter swift_dir (default /etc/swift).

  Parameters:

    - app – The next WSGI filter or app in the paste.deploy chain.

    - conf – The configuration dict for the middleware.

  get_object_ring(policy_idx)

    Get the ring object to use to handle a request based on its policy.

    Policy_idx:

      policy index as defined in swift.conf

    Returns:

      appropriate ring object

## Memcache

class swift.common.middleware.memcache.MemcacheMiddleware(app, conf)

  Bases: `object`

  Caching middleware that manages caching in swift.

## Name Check (Forbidden Character Filter)

Created on February 27, 2012

A filter that disallows any paths that contain defined forbidden characters or that exceed a defined length.

Place early in the proxy-server pipeline after the left-most occurrence of the `proxy-logging` middleware (if present) and before the final `proxy-logging` middleware (if present) or the `proxy-serer` app itself, e.g.:

    [pipeline:main]
    pipeline = catch_errors healthcheck proxy-logging name_check cache ratelimit tempauth sos proxy-logging proxy-server

    [filter:name_check]
    use = egg:swift#name_check
    forbidden_chars = '"`<>
    maximum_length = 255

There are default settings for forbidden_chars (FORBIDDEN_CHARS) and maximum_length (MAX_LENGTH)

The filter returns HTTPBadRequest if path is invalid.

@author: eamonn-otoole

## Object Versioning

Object versioning in Swift has 3 different modes. There are two legacy modes that have similar API with a slight difference in behavior and this middleware introduces a new mode with a completely redesigned API and implementation.

In terms of the implementation, this middleware relies heavily on the use of static links to reduce the amount of backend data movement that was part of the two legacy modes. It also introduces a new API for enabling the feature and to interact with older versions of an object.

### Compatibility between modes

This new mode is not backwards compatible or interchangeable with the two legacy modes. This means that existing containers that are being versioned by the two legacy modes cannot enable the new mode. The new mode can only be enabled on a new container or a container without either `X-Versions-Location` or `X-History-Location` header set. Attempting to enable the new mode on a container with either header will result in a `400 Bad Request` response.

### Enable Object Versioning in a Container

After the introduction of this feature containers in a Swift cluster will be in one of either 3 possible states: 1. Object versioning never enabled, 2. Object Versioning Enabled or 3. Object Versioning Disabled. Once versioning has been enabled on a container, it will always have a flag stating whether it is either enabled or disabled.

Clients enable object versioning on a container by performing either a PUT or POST request with the header `X-Versions-Enabled: true`. Upon enabling the versioning for the first time, the middleware will create a hidden container where object versions are stored. This hidden container will inherit the same Storage Policy as its parent container.

To disable, clients send a POST request with the header `X-Versions-Enabled: false`. When versioning is disabled, the old versions remain unchanged.

To delete a versioned container, versioning must be disabled and all versions of all objects must be deleted before the container can be deleted. At such time, the hidden container will also be deleted.

### Object CRUD Operations to a Versioned Container

When data is `PUT` into a versioned container (a container with the versioning flag enabled), the actual object is written to a hidden container and a symlink object is written to the parent container. Every object is assigned a version id. This id can be retrieved from the `X-Object-Version-Id` header in the PUT response.

Note

When object versioning is disabled on a container, new data will no longer be versioned, but older versions remain untouched. Any new data `PUT` will result in a object with a `null` version-id. The versioning API can be used to both list and operate on previous versions even while versioning is disabled.

If versioning is re-enabled and an overwrite occurs on a null id object. The object will be versioned off with a regular version-id.

A `GET` to a versioned object will return the current version of the object. The `X-Object-Version-Id` header is also returned in the response.

A `POST` to a versioned object will update the most current object metadata as normal, but will not create a new version of the object. In other words, new versions are only created when the content of the object changes.

On `DELETE`, the middleware will write a zero-byte “delete marker” object version that notes when the delete took place. The symlink object will also be deleted from the versioned container. The object will no longer appear in container listings for the versioned container and future requests there will return `404 Not Found`. However, the previous versions content will still be recoverable.

### Object Versioning API

Clients can now operate on previous versions of an object using this new versioning API.

First to list previous versions, issue a a `GET` request to the versioned container with query parameter:

    ?versions

To list a container with a large number of object versions, clients can also use the `version_marker` parameter together with the `marker` parameter. While the `marker` parameter is used to specify an object name the `version_marker` will be used specify the version id.

All other pagination parameters can be used in conjunction with the `versions` parameter.

During container listings, delete markers can be identified with the content-type `application/x-deleted;swift_versions_deleted=1`. The most current version of an object can be identified by the field `is_latest`.

To operate on previous versions, clients can use the query parameter:

    ?version-id=<id>

where the `<id>` is the value from the `X-Object-Version-Id` header.

Only COPY, HEAD, GET and DELETE operations can be performed on previous versions. Either a PUT or POST request with a `version-id` parameter will result in a `400 Bad Request` response.

A HEAD/GET request to a delete-marker will result in a `404 Not Found` response.

When issuing DELETE requests with a `version-id` parameter, delete markers are not written down. A DELETE request with a `version-id` parameter to the current object will result in a both the symlink and the backing data being deleted. A DELETE to any other version will result in that version only be deleted and no changes made to the symlink pointing to the current version.

### How to Enable Object Versioning in a Swift Cluster

To enable this new mode in a Swift cluster the `versioned_writes` and `symlink` middlewares must be added to the proxy pipeline, you must also set the option `allow_object_versioning` to `True`.

class swift.common.middleware.versioned_writes.object_versioning.AccountContext(wsgi_app, logger)

  Bases: `ObjectVersioningContext`

class swift.common.middleware.versioned_writes.object_versioning.ByteCountingReader(file_like)

  Bases: `object`

  Counts bytes read from file_like so we know how big the object is that the client just PUT.

  This is particularly important when the client sends a chunk-encoded body, so we don’t have a Content-Length header available.

class swift.common.middleware.versioned_writes.object_versioning.ContainerContext(wsgi_app, logger)

  Bases: `ObjectVersioningContext`

  handle_delete(req, start_response)

    Handle request to delete a user’s container.

    As part of deleting a container, this middleware will also delete the hidden container holding object versions.

    Before a user’s container can be deleted, swift must check if there are still old object versions from that container. Only after disabling versioning and deleting all object versions can a container be deleted.

  handle_request(req, start_response)

    Handle request for container resource.

    On PUT, POST set version location and enabled flag sysmeta. For container listings of a versioned container, update the object’s bytes and etag to use the target’s instead of using the symlink info.

class swift.common.middleware.versioned_writes.object_versioning.ObjectContext(wsgi_app, logger)

  Bases: `ObjectVersioningContext`

  handle_delete(req, versions_cont, api_version, account_name, container_name, object_name, is_enabled)

    Handle DELETE requests.

    Copy current version of object to versions_container and write a delete marker before proceeding with original request.

    Parameters:

      - req – original request.

      - versions_cont – container where previous versions of the object are stored.

      - api_version – api version.

      - account_name – account name.

      - object_name – name of object of original request

  handle_post(req, versions_cont, account)

    Handle a POST request to an object in a versioned container.

    If the response is a 307 because the POST went to a symlink, follow the symlink and send the request to the versioned object

    Parameters:

      - req – original request.

      - versions_cont – container where previous versions of the object are stored.

      - account – account name.

  handle_put(req, versions_cont, api_version, account_name, object_name, is_enabled)

    Check if the current version of the object is a versions-symlink if not, it’s because this object was added to the container when versioning was not enabled. We’ll need to copy it into the versions containers now that versioning is enabled.

    Also, put the new data from the client into the versions container and add a static symlink in the versioned container.

    Parameters:

      - req – original request.

      - versions_cont – container where previous versions of the object are stored.

      - api_version – api version.

      - account_name – account name.

      - object_name – name of object of original request

  handle_put_version(req, versions_cont, api_version, account_name, container, object_name, is_enabled, version)

    Handle a PUT?version-id request and create/update the is_latest link to point to the specific version. Expects a valid ‘version’ id.

  handle_versioned_request(req, versions_cont, api_version, account, container, obj, is_enabled, version)

    Handle ‘version-id’ request for object resource. When a request contains a `version-id=<id>` parameter, the request is acted upon the actual version of that object. Version-aware operations require that the container is versioned, but do not require that the versioning is currently enabled. Users should be able to operate on older versions of an object even if versioning is currently suspended.

    PUT and POST requests are not allowed as that would overwrite the contents of the versioned object.

    Parameters:

      - req – The original request

      - versions_cont – container holding versions of the requested obj

      - api_version – should be v1 unless swift bumps api version

      - account – account name string

      - container – container name string

      - object – object name string

      - is_enabled – is versioning currently enabled

      - version – version of the object to act on

class swift.common.middleware.versioned_writes.object_versioning.ObjectVersioningContext(wsgi_app, logger)

  Bases: `WSGIContext`

## Proxy Logging

Logging middleware for the Swift proxy.

This serves as both the default logging implementation and an example of how to plug in your own logging format/method.

The logging format implemented below is as follows:

    client_ip remote_addr end_time.datetime method path protocol
        status_int referer user_agent auth_token bytes_recvd bytes_sent
        client_etag transaction_id headers request_time source log_info
        start_time end_time policy_index

These values are space-separated, and each is url-encoded, so that they can be separated with a simple `.split()`.

- `remote_addr` is the contents of the REMOTE_ADDR environment variable, while `client_ip` is swift’s best guess at the end-user IP, extracted variously from the X-Forwarded-For header, X-Cluster-Ip header, or the REMOTE_ADDR environment variable.

- `status_int` is the integer part of the `status` string passed to this middleware’s start_response function, unless the WSGI environment has an item with key `swift.proxy_logging_status`, in which case the value of that item is used. Other middleware’s may set `swift.proxy_logging_status` to override the logging of `status_int`. In either case, the logged `status_int` value is forced to 499 if a client disconnect is detected while this middleware is handling a request, or 500 if an exception is caught while handling a request.

- `source` (`swift.source` in the WSGI environment) indicates the code that generated the request, such as most middleware. (See below for more detail.)

- `log_info` (`swift.log_info` in the WSGI environment) is for additional information that could prove quite useful, such as any `x-delete-at` value or other “behind the scenes” activity that might not otherwise be detectable from the plain log information. Code that wishes to add additional log information should use code like `env.setdefault('swift.log_info', []).append(your_info)` so as to not disturb others’ log information.

- Values that are missing (e.g. due to a header not being present) or zero are generally represented by a single hyphen (‘-‘).

Note

The message format may be configured using the `log_msg_template` option, allowing fields to be added, removed, re-ordered, and even anonymized. For more information, see https://docs.openstack.org/swift/latest/logs.html

The proxy-logging can be used twice in the proxy server’s pipeline when there is middleware installed that can return custom responses that don’t follow the standard pipeline to the proxy server.

For example, with staticweb, the middleware might intercept a request to /v1/AUTH_acc/cont/, make a subrequest to the proxy to retrieve /v1/AUTH_acc/cont/index.html and, in effect, respond to the client’s original request using the 2nd request’s body. In this instance the subrequest will be logged by the rightmost middleware (with a `swift.source` set) and the outgoing request (with body overridden) will be logged by leftmost middleware.

Requests that follow the normal pipeline (use the same wsgi environment throughout) will not be double logged because an environment variable (`swift.proxy_access_log_made`) is checked/set when a log is made.

All middleware making subrequests should take care to set `swift.source` when needed. With the doubled proxy logs, any consumer/processor of swift’s proxy logs should look at the `swift.source` field, the rightmost log value, to decide if this is a middleware subrequest or not. A log processor calculating bandwidth usage will want to only sum up logs with no `swift.source`.

class swift.common.middleware.proxy_logging.ProxyLoggingMiddleware(app, conf, logger=None)

  Bases: `object`

  Middleware that logs Swift proxy requests in the swift log format.

  get_access_user_id(req)

    Get access user ID from request environ.

    Parameters:

      req – swob.Request object for the request

    Returns:

      User ID for logging if available, None otherwise

  log_request(req, status_int, bytes_received, bytes_sent, start_time, end_time, resp_headers=None, ttfb=0, wire_status_int=None)

    Log a request.

    Parameters:

      - req – swob.Request object for the request

      - status_int – integer code for the response status

      - bytes_received – bytes successfully read from the request body

      - bytes_sent – bytes yielded to the WSGI server

      - start_time – timestamp request started

      - end_time – timestamp request completed

      - resp_headers – dict of the response headers

      - ttfb – time to first byte

      - wire_status_int – the on the wire status int

## Ratelimit

exception swift.common.middleware.ratelimit.MaxSleepTimeHitError

  Bases: `Exception`

class swift.common.middleware.ratelimit.RateLimitMiddleware(app, conf, logger=None)

  Bases: `object`

  Rate limiting middleware

  Rate limits requests on both an Account and Container level. Limits are configurable.

  get_ratelimitable_key_tuples(req, account_name, container_name=None, obj_name=None, global_ratelimit=None)

    Returns a list of key (used in memcache), ratelimit tuples. Keys should be checked in order.

    Parameters:

      - req – swob request

      - account_name – account name from path

      - container_name – container name from path

      - obj_name – object name from path

      - global_ratelimit – this account has an account wide ratelimit on all writes combined

  handle_ratelimit(req, account_name, container_name, obj_name)

    Performs rate limiting and account white/black listing. Sleeps if necessary. If self.memcache_client is not set, immediately returns None.

    Parameters:

      - account_name – account name from path

      - container_name – container name from path

      - obj_name – object name from path

swift.common.middleware.ratelimit.filter_factory(global_conf, **local_conf)

  paste.deploy app factory for creating WSGI proxy apps.

swift.common.middleware.ratelimit.get_maxrate(ratelimits, size)

  Returns number of requests allowed per second for given size.

swift.common.middleware.ratelimit.interpret_conf_limits(conf, name_prefix, info=None)

  Parses general parms for rate limits looking for things that start with the provided name_prefix within the provided conf and returns lists for both internal use and for /info

  Parameters:

    - conf – conf dict to parse

    - name_prefix – prefix of config parms to look for

    - info – set to return extra stuff for /info registration

## Read Only

class swift.common.middleware.read_only.ReadOnlyMiddleware(app, conf, logger=None)

  Bases: `object`

  Middleware that make an entire cluster or individual accounts read only.

  account_read_only(req, account)

    Check whether an account should be read-only.

    This considers both the cluster-wide config value as well as the per-account override in X-Account-Sysmeta-Read-Only.

swift.common.middleware.read_only.filter_factory(global_conf, **local_conf)

  paste.deploy app factory for creating WSGI proxy apps.

## Recon

class swift.common.middleware.recon.ReconMiddleware(app, conf, *args, **kwargs)

  Bases: `object`

  Recon middleware used for monitoring.

  /recon/load|mem|async… will return various system metrics.

  Needs to be added to the pipeline and requires a filter declaration in the [account|container|object]-server conf file:

  [filter:recon] use = egg:swift#recon recon_cache_path = /var/cache/swift

  get_async_info()

    get # of async pendings

  get_auditor_info(recon_type)

    get auditor info

  get_device_info()

    get devices

  get_diskusage()

    get disk utilization statistics

  get_driveaudit_error()

    get # of drive audit errors

  get_expirer_info(recon_type)

    get expirer info

  get_load(openr=<built-in function open>)

    get info from /proc/loadavg

  get_mem(openr=<built-in function open>)

    get info from /proc/meminfo

  get_mounted(openr=<built-in function open>)

    get ALL mounted fs from /proc/mounts

  get_quarantine_count()

    get obj/container/account quarantine counts

  get_reconstruction_info()

    get reconstruction info

  get_relinker_info()

    get relinker info, if any

  get_replication_info(recon_type)

    get replication info

  get_ring_md5()

    get all ring md5sum’s

  get_sharding_info()

    get sharding info

  get_socket_info(openr=<built-in function open>)

    get info from /proc/net/sockstat and sockstat6

    Note: The mem value is actually kernel pages, but we return bytes allocated based on the systems page size.

  get_swift_conf_md5()

    get md5 of swift.conf

  get_time()

    get current time

  get_unmounted()

    list unmounted (failed?) devices

  get_updater_info(recon_type)

    get updater info

  get_version()

    get swift version

## Server Side Copy

Server side copy is a feature that enables users/clients to COPY objects between accounts and containers without the need to download and then re-upload objects, thus eliminating additional bandwidth consumption and also saving time. This may be used when renaming/moving an object which in Swift is a (COPY + DELETE) operation.

The server side copy middleware should be inserted in the pipeline after auth and before the quotas and large object middlewares. If it is not present in the pipeline in the proxy-server configuration file, it will be inserted automatically. There is no configurable option provided to turn off server side copy.

### Metadata

- All metadata of source object is preserved during object copy.

- One can also provide additional metadata during PUT/COPY request. This will over-write any existing conflicting keys.

- Server side copy can also be used to change content-type of an existing object.

### Object Copy

- The destination container must exist before requesting copy of the object.

- When several replicas exist, the system copies from the most recent replica. That is, the copy operation behaves as though the X-Newest header is in the request.

- The request to copy an object should have no body (i.e. content-length of the request must be zero).

There are two ways in which an object can be copied:

1. Send a PUT request to the new object (destination/target) with an additional header named `X-Copy-From` specifying the source object (in ‘/container/object’ format). Example:

       curl -i -X PUT http://<storage_url>/container1/destination_obj
        -H 'X-Auth-Token: <token>'
        -H 'X-Copy-From: /container2/source_obj'
        -H 'Content-Length: 0'

2. Send a COPY request with an existing object in URL with an additional header named `Destination` specifying the destination/target object (in ‘/container/object’ format). Example:

       curl -i -X COPY http://<storage_url>/container2/source_obj
        -H 'X-Auth-Token: <token>'
        -H 'Destination: /container1/destination_obj'
        -H 'Content-Length: 0'

Note that if the incoming request has some conditional headers (e.g. `Range`, `If-Match`), the source object will be evaluated for these headers (i.e. if PUT with both `X-Copy-From` and `Range`, Swift will make a partial copy to the destination object).

### Cross Account Object Copy

Objects can also be copied from one account to another account if the user has the necessary permissions (i.e. permission to read from container in source account and permission to write to container in destination account).

Similar to examples mentioned above, there are two ways to copy objects across accounts:

1. Like the example above, send PUT request to copy object but with an additional header named `X-Copy-From-Account` specifying the source account. Example:

       curl -i -X PUT http://<host>:<port>/v1/AUTH_test1/container/destination_obj
        -H 'X-Auth-Token: <token>'
        -H 'X-Copy-From: /container/source_obj'
        -H 'X-Copy-From-Account: AUTH_test2'
        -H 'Content-Length: 0'

2. Like the previous example, send a COPY request but with an additional header named `Destination-Account` specifying the name of destination account. Example:

       curl -i -X COPY http://<host>:<port>/v1/AUTH_test2/container/source_obj
        -H 'X-Auth-Token: <token>'
        -H 'Destination: /container/destination_obj'
        -H 'Destination-Account: AUTH_test1'
        -H 'Content-Length: 0'

### Large Object Copy

The best option to copy a large object is to copy segments individually. To copy the manifest object of a large object, add the query parameter to the copy request:

    ?multipart-manifest=get

If a request is sent without the query parameter, an attempt will be made to copy the whole object but will fail if the object size is greater than 5GB.

class swift.common.middleware.copy.ServerSideCopyWebContext(app, logger, yield_frequency=10)

  Bases: `WSGIContext`

## Static Large Objects

Please see the SLO docs for Static Large Objects further details.

## StaticWeb

This StaticWeb WSGI middleware will serve container data as a static web site with index file and error file resolution and optional file listings. This mode is normally only active for anonymous requests. When using keystone for authentication set `delay_auth_decision = true` in the authtoken middleware configuration in your `/etc/swift/proxy-server.conf` file. If you want to use it with authenticated requests, set the `X-Web-Mode: true` header on the request.

The `staticweb` filter should be added to the pipeline in your `/etc/swift/proxy-server.conf` file just after any auth middleware. Also, the configuration section for the `staticweb` middleware itself needs to be added. For example:

    [DEFAULT]
    ...

    [pipeline:main]
    pipeline = catch_errors healthcheck proxy-logging cache ratelimit tempauth
               staticweb proxy-logging proxy-server

    ...

    [filter:staticweb]
    use = egg:swift#staticweb

Any publicly readable containers (for example, `X-Container-Read: .r:*`, see ACLs for more information on this) will be checked for X-Container-Meta-Web-Index and X-Container-Meta-Web-Error header values:

    X-Container-Meta-Web-Index  <index.name>
    X-Container-Meta-Web-Error  <error.name.suffix>

If X-Container-Meta-Web-Index is set, any <index.name> files will be served without having to specify the <index.name> part. For instance, setting `X-Container-Meta-Web-Index: index.html` will be able to serve the object …/pseudo/path/index.html with just …/pseudo/path or …/pseudo/path/

If X-Container-Meta-Web-Error is set, any errors (currently just 401 Unauthorized and 404 Not Found) will instead serve the …/<status.code><error.name.suffix> object. For instance, setting `X-Container-Meta-Web-Error: error.html` will serve …/404error.html for requests for paths not found.

For pseudo paths that have no <index.name>, this middleware can serve HTML file listings if you set the `X-Container-Meta-Web-Listings: true` metadata item on the container. Note that the listing must be authorized; you may want a container ACL like `X-Container-Read: .r:*,.rlistings`.

If listings are enabled, the listings can have a custom style sheet by setting the X-Container-Meta-Web-Listings-CSS header. For instance, setting `X-Container-Meta-Web-Listings-CSS: listing.css` will make listings link to the …/listing.css style sheet. If you “view source” in your browser on a listing page, you will see the well defined document structure that can be styled.

Additionally, prefix-based TempURL parameters may be used to authorize requests instead of making the whole container publicly readable. This gives clients dynamic discoverability of the objects available within that prefix.

Note

`temp_url_prefix` values should typically end with a slash (`/`) when used with StaticWeb. StaticWeb’s redirects will not carry over any TempURL parameters, as they likely indicate that the user created an overly-broad TempURL.

By default, the listings will be rendered with a label of “Listing of /v1/account/container/path”. This can be altered by setting a `X-Container-Meta-Web-Listings-Label: <label>`. For example, if the label is set to “example.com”, a label of “Listing of example.com/path” will be used instead.

The content-type of directory marker objects can be modified by setting the `X-Container-Meta-Web-Directory-Type` header. If the header is not set, application/directory is used by default. Directory marker objects are 0-byte objects that represent directories to create a simulated hierarchical structure.

Example usage of this middleware via `swift`:

> Make the container publicly readable:

>     swift post -r '.r:*' container

> You should be able to get objects directly, but no index.html resolution or listings.

> Set an index file directive:

>     swift post -m 'web-index:index.html' container

> You should be able to hit paths that have an index.html without needing to type the index.html part.

> Turn on listings:

>     swift post -r '.r:*,.rlistings' container
>     swift post -m 'web-listings: true' container

> Now you should see object listings for paths and pseudo paths that have no index.html.

> Enable a custom listings style sheet:

>     swift post -m 'web-listings-css:listings.css' container

> Set an error file:

>     swift post -m 'web-error:error.html' container

> Now 401’s should load 401error.html, 404’s should load 404error.html, etc.

> Set Content-Type of directory marker object:

>     swift post -m 'web-directory-type:text/directory' container

> Now 0-byte objects with a content-type of text/directory will be treated as directories rather than objects.

class swift.common.middleware.staticweb.StaticWeb(app, conf)

  Bases: `object`

  The Static Web WSGI middleware filter; serves container data as a static web site. See staticweb for an overview.

  The proxy logs created for any subrequests made will have swift.source set to “SW”.

  Parameters:

    - app – The next WSGI application/filter in the paste.deploy pipeline.

    - conf – The filter configuration dict.

  app

    The next WSGI application/filter in the paste.deploy pipeline.

  conf

    The filter configuration dict. Only used in tests.

swift.common.middleware.staticweb.filter_factory(global_conf, **local_conf)

  Returns a Static Web WSGI filter for use with paste.deploy.

## Symlink

Symlink Middleware

Symlinks are objects stored in Swift that contain a reference to another object (hereinafter, this is called “target object”). They are analogous to symbolic links in Unix-like operating systems. The existence of a symlink object does not affect the target object in any way. An important use case is to use a path in one container to access an object in a different container, with a different policy. This allows policy cost/performance trade-offs to be made on individual objects.

Clients create a Swift symlink by performing a zero-length PUT request with the header `X-Symlink-Target: <container>/<object>`. For a cross-account symlink, the header `X-Symlink-Target-Account: <account>` must be included. If omitted, it is inserted automatically with the account of the symlink object in the PUT request process.

Symlinks must be zero-byte objects. Attempting to PUT a symlink with a non-empty request body will result in a 400-series error. Also, POST with `X-Symlink-Target` header always results in a 400-series error. The target object need not exist at symlink creation time.

Clients may optionally include a `X-Symlink-Target-Etag: <etag>` header during the PUT. If present, this will create a “static symlink” instead of a “dynamic symlink”. Static symlinks point to a specific object rather than a specific name. They do this by using the value set in their `X-Symlink-Target-Etag` header when created to verify it still matches the ETag of the object they’re pointing at on a GET. In contrast to a dynamic symlink the target object referenced in the `X-Symlink-Target` header must exist and its ETag must match the `X-Symlink-Target-Etag` or the symlink creation will return a client error.

A GET/HEAD request to a symlink will result in a request to the target object referenced by the symlink’s `X-Symlink-Target-Account` and `X-Symlink-Target` headers. The response of the GET/HEAD request will contain a `Content-Location` header with the path location of the target object. A GET/HEAD request to a symlink with the query parameter `?symlink=get` will result in the request targeting the symlink itself.

A symlink can point to another symlink. Chained symlinks will be traversed until the target is not a symlink. If the number of chained symlinks exceeds the limit `symloop_max` an error response will be produced. The value of `symloop_max` can be defined in the symlink config section of proxy-server.conf. If not specified, the default `symloop_max` value is 2. If a value less than 1 is specified, the default value will be used.

If a static symlink (i.e. a symlink created with a `X-Symlink-Target-Etag` header) targets another static symlink, both of the `X-Symlink-Target-Etag` headers must match the target object for the GET to succeed. If a static symlink targets a dynamic symlink (i.e. a symlink created without a `X-Symlink-Target-Etag` header) then the `X-Symlink-Target-Etag` header of the static symlink must be the Etag of the zero-byte object. If a symlink with a `X-Symlink-Target-Etag` targets a large object manifest it must match the ETag of the manifest (e.g. the ETag as returned by `multipart-manifest=get` or value in the `X-Manifest-Etag` header).

A HEAD/GET request to a symlink object behaves as a normal HEAD/GET request to the target object. Therefore issuing a HEAD request to the symlink will return the target metadata, and issuing a GET request to the symlink will return the data and metadata of the target object. To return the symlink metadata (with its empty body) a GET/HEAD request with the `?symlink=get` query parameter must be sent to a symlink object.

A POST request to a symlink will result in a 307 Temporary Redirect response. The response will contain a `Location` header with the path of the target object as the value. The request is never redirected to the target object by Swift. Nevertheless, the metadata in the POST request will be applied to the symlink because object servers cannot know for sure if the current object is a symlink or not in eventual consistency.

A symlink’s `Content-Type` is completely independent from its target. As a convenience Swift will automatically set the `Content-Type` on a symlink PUT if not explicitly set by the client. If the client sends a `X-Symlink-Target-Etag` Swift will set the symlink’s `Content-Type` to that of the target, otherwise it will be set to `application/symlink`. You can review a symlink’s `Content-Type` using the `?symlink=get` interface. You can change a symlink’s `Content-Type` using a POST request. The symlink’s `Content-Type` will appear in the container listing.

A DELETE request to a symlink will delete the symlink itself. The target object will not be deleted.

A COPY request, or a PUT request with a `X-Copy-From` header, to a symlink will copy the target object. The same request to a symlink with the query parameter `?symlink=get` will copy the symlink itself.

An OPTIONS request to a symlink will respond with the options for the symlink only; the request will not be redirected to the target object. Please note that if the symlink’s target object is in another container with CORS settings, the response will not reflect the settings.

Tempurls can be used to GET/HEAD symlink objects, but PUT is not allowed and will result in a 400-series error. The GET/HEAD tempurls honor the scope of the tempurl key. Container tempurl will only work on symlinks where the target container is the same as the symlink. In case a symlink targets an object in a different container, a GET/HEAD request will result in a 401 Unauthorized error. The account level tempurl will allow cross-container symlinks, but not cross-account symlinks.

If a symlink object is overwritten while it is in a versioned container, the symlink object itself is versioned, not the referenced object.

A GET request with query parameter `?format=json` to a container which contains symlinks will respond with additional information `symlink_path` for each symlink object in the container listing. The `symlink_path` value is the target path of the symlink. Clients can differentiate symlinks and other objects by this function. Note that responses in any other format (e.g. `?format=xml`) won’t include `symlink_path` info. If a `X-Symlink-Target-Etag` header was included on the symlink, JSON container listings will include that value in a `symlink_etag` key and the target object’s `Content-Length` will be included in the key `symlink_bytes`.

If a static symlink targets a static large object manifest it will carry forward the SLO’s size and slo_etag in the container listing using the `symlink_bytes` and `slo_etag` keys. However, manifests created before swift v2.12.0 (released Dec 2016) do not contain enough metadata to propagate the extra SLO information to the listing. Clients may recreate the manifest (COPY w/ `?multipart-manfiest=get`) before creating a static symlink to add the requisite metadata.

Errors

- PUT with the header `X-Symlink-Target` with non-zero Content-Length will produce a 400 BadRequest error.

- POST with the header `X-Symlink-Target` will produce a 400 BadRequest error.

- GET/HEAD traversing more than `symloop_max` chained symlinks will produce a 409 Conflict error.

- PUT/GET/HEAD on a symlink that inclues a `X-Symlink-Target-Etag` header that does not match the target will poduce a 409 Conflict error.

- POSTs will produce a 307 Temporary Redirect error.

### Deployment

Symlinks are enabled by adding the symlink middleware to the proxy server WSGI pipeline and including a corresponding filter configuration section in the proxy-server.conf file. The symlink middleware should be placed after slo, dlo and versioned_writes middleware, but before encryption middleware in the pipeline. See the proxy-server.conf-sample file for further details. Additional steps are required if the container sync feature is being used.

Note

Once you have deployed symlink middleware in your pipeline, you should neither remove the symlink middleware nor downgrade swift to a version earlier than symlinks being supported. Doing so may result in unexpected container listing results in addition to symlink objects behaving like a normal object.

#### Container sync configuration

If container sync is being used then the symlink middleware must be added to the container sync internal client pipeline. The following configuration steps are required:

1. Create a custom internal client configuration file for container sync (if one is not already in use) based on the sample file internal-client.conf-sample. For example, copy internal-client.conf-sample to /etc/swift/container-sync-client.conf.

2. Modify this file to include the symlink middleware in the pipeline in the same way as described above for the proxy server.

3. Modify the container-sync section of all container server config files to point to this internal client config file using the `internal_client_conf_path` option. For example:

       internal_client_conf_path = /etc/swift/container-sync-client.conf

Note

These container sync configuration steps will be necessary for container sync probe tests to pass if the symlink middleware is included in the proxy pipeline of a test cluster.

class swift.common.middleware.symlink.SymlinkContainerContext(wsgi_app, logger)

  Bases: `WSGIContext`

  handle_container(req, start_response)

    Handle container requests.

    Parameters:

      - req – a `Request`

      - start_response – start_response function

    Returns:

      Response Iterator after start_response called.

class swift.common.middleware.symlink.SymlinkMiddleware(app, conf, symloop_max)

  Bases: `object`

  Middleware that implements symlinks.

  Symlinks are objects stored in Swift that contain a reference to another object (i.e., the target object). An important use case is to use a path in one container to access an object in a different container, with a different policy. This allows policy cost/performance trade-offs to be made on individual objects.

class swift.common.middleware.symlink.SymlinkObjectContext(wsgi_app, logger, symloop_max)

  Bases: `WSGIContext`

  handle_get_head(req)

    Handle get/head request and in case the response is a symlink, redirect request to target object.

    Parameters:

      req – HTTP GET or HEAD object request

    Returns:

      Response Iterator

  handle_get_head_symlink(req)

    Handle get/head request when client sent parameter ?symlink=get

    Parameters:

      req – HTTP GET or HEAD object request with param ?symlink=get

    Returns:

      Response Iterator

  handle_object(req, start_response)

    Handle object requests.

    Parameters:

      - req – a `Request`

      - start_response – start_response function

    Returns:

      Response Iterator after start_response has been called

  handle_post(req)

    Handle post request. If POSTing to a symlink, a HTTPTemporaryRedirect error message is returned to client.

    Clients that POST to symlinks should understand that the POST is not redirected to the target object like in a HEAD/GET request. POSTs to a symlink will be handled just like a normal object by the object server. It cannot reject it because it may not have symlink state when the POST lands. The object server has no knowledge of what is a symlink object is. On the other hand, on POST requests, the object server returns all sysmeta of the object. This method uses that sysmeta to determine if the stored object is a symlink or not.

    Parameters:

      req – HTTP POST object request

    Raises:

      HTTPTemporaryRedirect if POSTing to a symlink.

    Returns:

      Response Iterator

  handle_put(req)

    Handle put request when it contains X-Symlink-Target header.

    Symlink headers are validated and moved to sysmeta namespace. :param req: HTTP PUT object request :returns: Response Iterator

swift.common.middleware.symlink.symlink_sysmeta_to_usermeta(headers)

  Helper function to translate from cluster-facing X-Object-Sysmeta-Symlink-* headers to client-facing X-Symlink-* headers.

  Parameters:

    headers – request headers dict. Note that the headers dict will be updated directly.

swift.common.middleware.symlink.symlink_usermeta_to_sysmeta(headers)

  Helper function to translate from client-facing X-Symlink-* headers to cluster-facing X-Object-Sysmeta-Symlink-* headers.

  Parameters:

    headers – request headers dict. Note that the headers dict will be updated directly.

## TempAuth

Test authentication and authorization system.

Add to your pipeline in proxy-server.conf, such as:

    [pipeline:main]
    pipeline = catch_errors cache tempauth proxy-server

Set account auto creation to true in proxy-server.conf:

    [app:proxy-server]
    account_autocreate = true

And add a tempauth filter section, such as:

    [filter:tempauth]
    use = egg:swift#tempauth
    user_admin_admin = admin .admin .reseller_admin
    user_test_tester = testing .admin
    user_test2_tester2 = testing2 .admin
    user_test_tester3 = testing3
    # To allow accounts/users with underscores you can base64 encode them.
    # Here is the account "under_score" and username "a_b" (note the lack
    # of padding equal signs):
    user64_dW5kZXJfc2NvcmU_YV9i = testing4

See the proxy-server.conf-sample for more information.

### Account/User List

All accounts/users are listed in the filter section. The format is:

    user_<account>_<user> = <key> [group] [group] [...] [storage_url]

If you want to be able to include underscores in the `<account>` or `<user>` portions, you can base64 encode them (with no equal signs) in a line like this:

    user64_<account_b64>_<user_b64> = <key> [group] [...] [storage_url]

There are three special groups:

- `.reseller_admin` – can do anything to any account for this auth

- `.reseller_reader` – can GET/HEAD anything in any account for this auth

- `.admin` – can do anything within the account

If none of these groups are specified, the user can only access containers that have been explicitly allowed for them by a `.admin` or `.reseller_admin`.

The trailing optional `storage_url` allows you to specify an alternate URL to hand back to the user upon authentication. If not specified, this defaults to:

    $HOST/v1/<reseller_prefix>_<account>

Where `$HOST` will do its best to resolve to what the requester would need to use to reach this host, `<reseller_prefix>` is from this section, and `<account>` is from the `user_<account>_<user>` name. Note that `$HOST` cannot possibly handle when you have a load balancer in front of it that does https while TempAuth itself runs with http; in such a case, you’ll have to specify the `storage_url_scheme` configuration value as an override.

### Multiple Reseller Prefix Items

The reseller prefix specifies which parts of the account namespace this middleware is responsible for managing authentication and authorization. By default, the prefix is `AUTH` so accounts and tokens are prefixed by `AUTH_`. When a request’s token and/or path start with `AUTH_`, this middleware knows it is responsible.

We allow the reseller prefix to be a list. In tempauth, the first item in the list is used as the prefix for tokens and user groups. The other prefixes provide alternate accounts that user’s can access. For example if the reseller prefix list is `AUTH, OTHER`, a user with admin access to `AUTH_account` also has admin access to `OTHER_account`.

### Required Group

The group `.admin` is normally needed to access an account (ACLs provide an additional way to access an account). You can specify the `require_group` parameter. This means that you also need the named group to access an account. If you have several reseller prefix items, prefix the `require_group` parameter with the appropriate prefix.

### X-Service-Token

If an `X-Service-Token` is presented in the request headers, the groups derived from the token are appended to the roles derived from `X-Auth-Token`. If `X-Auth-Token` is missing or invalid, `X-Service-Token` is not processed.

The `X-Service-Token` is useful when combined with multiple reseller prefix items. In the following configuration, accounts prefixed `SERVICE_` are only accessible if `X-Auth-Token` is from the end-user and `X-Service-Token` is from the `glance` user:

    [filter:tempauth]
    use = egg:swift#tempauth
    reseller_prefix = AUTH, SERVICE
    SERVICE_require_group = .service
    user_admin_admin = admin .admin .reseller_admin
    user_joeacct_joe = joepw .admin
    user_maryacct_mary = marypw .admin
    user_glance_glance = glancepw .service

The name `.service` is an example. Unlike `.admin`, `.reseller_admin`, `.reseller_reader` it is not a reserved name.

Please note that ACLs can be set on service accounts and are matched against the identity validated by `X-Auth-Token`. As such ACLs can grant access to a service account’s container without needing to provide a service token, just like any other cross-reseller request using ACLs.

### Account ACLs

If a swift_owner issues a POST or PUT to the account with the `X-Account-Access-Control` header set in the request, then this may allow certain types of access for additional users.

- Read-Only: Users with read-only access can list containers in the account, list objects in any container, retrieve objects, and view unprivileged account/container/object metadata.

- Read-Write: Users with read-write access can (in addition to the read-only privileges) create objects, overwrite existing objects, create new containers, and set unprivileged container/object metadata.

- Admin: Users with admin access are swift_owners and can perform any action, including viewing/setting privileged metadata (e.g. changing account ACLs).

To generate headers for setting an account ACL:

    from swift.common.middleware.acl import format_acl
    acl_data = { 'admin': ['alice'], 'read-write': ['bob', 'carol'] }
    header_value = format_acl(version=2, acl_dict=acl_data)

To generate a curl command line from the above:

    token=...
    storage_url=...
    python -c '
      from swift.common.middleware.acl import format_acl
      acl_data = { 'admin': ['alice'], 'read-write': ['bob', 'carol'] }
      headers = {'X-Account-Access-Control':
                 format_acl(version=2, acl_dict=acl_data)}
      header_str = ' '.join(["-H '%s: %s'" % (k, v)
                             for k, v in headers.items()])
      print('curl -D- -X POST -H "x-auth-token: $token" %s '
            '$storage_url' % header_str)
    '

class swift.common.middleware.tempauth.TempAuth(app, conf)

  Bases: `object`

  Parameters:

    - app – The next WSGI app in the pipeline

    - conf – The dict of configuration values from the Paste config file

  account_acls(req)

    Return a dict of ACL data from the account server via get_account_info.

    Auth systems may define their own format, serialization, structure, and capabilities implemented in the ACL headers and persisted in the sysmeta data. However, auth systems are strongly encouraged to be interoperable with Tempauth.

    Account ACLs are set and retrieved via the header

      X-Account-Access-Control

    For header format and syntax, see:

      - `swift.common.middleware.acl.parse_acl()`

      - `swift.common.middleware.acl.format_acl()`

  authorize(req)

    Returns None if the request is authorized to continue or a standard WSGI response callable if not.

  denied_response(req)

    Returns a standard WSGI response callable with the status of 403 or 401 depending on whether the REMOTE_USER is set or not.

  extract_acl_and_report_errors(req)

    Return a user-readable string indicating the errors in the input ACL, or None if there are no errors.

  get_groups(env, token)

    Get groups for the given token.

    Parameters:

      - env – The current WSGI environment dictionary.

      - token – Token to validate and return a group string for.

    Returns:

      None if the token is invalid or a string containing a comma separated list of groups the authenticated user is a member of. The first group in the list is also considered a unique identifier for that user.

  handle(env, start_response)

    WSGI entry point for auth requests (ones that match the self.auth_prefix). Wraps env in swob.Request object and passes it down.

    Parameters:

      - env – WSGI environment dictionary

      - start_response – WSGI callable

  handle_get_token(req)

    Handles the various request for token and service end point(s) calls. There are various formats to support the various auth servers in the past. Examples:

        GET <auth-prefix>/v1/<act>/auth
            X-Auth-User: <act>:<usr>  or  X-Storage-User: <usr>
            X-Auth-Key: <key>         or  X-Storage-Pass: <key>
        GET <auth-prefix>/auth
            X-Auth-User: <act>:<usr>  or  X-Storage-User: <act>:<usr>
            X-Auth-Key: <key>         or  X-Storage-Pass: <key>
        GET <auth-prefix>/v1.0
            X-Auth-User: <act>:<usr>  or  X-Storage-User: <act>:<usr>
            X-Auth-Key: <key>         or  X-Storage-Pass: <key>

    On successful authentication, the response will have X-Auth-Token and X-Storage-Token set to the token to use with Swift and X-Storage-URL set to the URL to the default Swift cluster to use.

    Parameters:

      req – The swob.Request to process.

    Returns:

      swob.Response, 2xx on success with data set as explained above.

  handle_request(req)

    Entry point for auth requests (ones that match the self.auth_prefix). Should return a WSGI-style callable (such as swob.Response).

    Parameters:

      req – swob.Request object

swift.common.middleware.tempauth.filter_factory(global_conf, **local_conf)

  Returns a WSGI filter app for use with paste.deploy.

## TempURL

TempURL Middleware

Allows the creation of URLs to provide temporary access to objects.

For example, a website may wish to provide a link to download a large object in Swift, but the Swift account has no public access. The website can generate a URL that will provide GET access for a limited time to the resource. When the web browser user clicks on the link, the browser will download the object directly from Swift, obviating the need for the website to act as a proxy for the request.

If the user were to share the link with all his friends, or accidentally post it on a forum, etc. the direct access would be limited to the expiration time set when the website created the link.

Beyond that, the middleware provides the ability to create URLs, which contain signatures which are valid for all objects which share a common prefix. These prefix-based URLs are useful for sharing a set of objects.

Restrictions can also be placed on the ip that the resource is allowed to be accessed from. This can be useful for locking down where the urls can be used from.

### Client Usage

To create temporary URLs, first an `X-Account-Meta-Temp-URL-Key` header must be set on the Swift account. Then, an HMAC (RFC 2104) signature is generated using the HTTP method to allow (`GET`, `PUT`, `DELETE`, etc.), the Unix timestamp until which the access should be allowed, the full path to the object, and the key set on the account.

The digest algorithm to be used may be configured by the operator. By default, HMAC-SHA256 and HMAC-SHA512 are supported. Check the `tempurl.allowed_digests` entry in the cluster’s capabilities response to see which algorithms are supported by your deployment; see Discoverability for more information. On older clusters, the `tempurl` key may be present while the `allowed_digests` subkey is not; in this case, only HMAC-SHA1 is supported.

For example, here is code generating the signature for a `GET` for 60 seconds on `/v1/AUTH_account/container/object`:

    import hmac
    from hashlib import sha256
    from time import time
    method = 'GET'
    expires = int(time() + 60)
    path = '/v1/AUTH_account/container/object'
    key = 'mykey'
    hmac_body = '%s\n%s\n%s' % (method, expires, path)
    sig = hmac.new(key, hmac_body, sha256).hexdigest()

Be certain to use the full path, from the `/v1/` onward.

Let’s say `sig` ends up equaling `732fcac368abb10c78a4cbe95c3fab7f311584532bf779abd5074e13cbe8b88b` and `expires` ends up `1512508563`. Then, for example, the website could provide a link to:

    https://swift-cluster.example.com/v1/AUTH_account/container/object?
    temp_url_sig=732fcac368abb10c78a4cbe95c3fab7f311584532bf779abd5074e13cbe8b88b&
    temp_url_expires=1512508563

For longer hashes, a hex encoding becomes unwieldy. Base64 encoding is also supported, and indicated by prefixing the signature with `"<digest name>:"`. This is required for HMAC-SHA512 signatures. For example, comparable code for generating a HMAC-SHA512 signature would be:

    import base64
    import hmac
    from hashlib import sha512
    from time import time
    method = 'GET'
    expires = int(time() + 60)
    path = '/v1/AUTH_account/container/object'
    key = 'mykey'
    hmac_body = '%s\n%s\n%s' % (method, expires, path)
    sig = 'sha512:' + base64.urlsafe_b64encode(hmac.new(
        key, hmac_body, sha512).digest())

Supposing that `sig` ends up equaling `sha512:ZrSijn0GyDhsv1ltIj9hWUTrbAeE45NcKXyBaz7aPbSMvROQ4jtYH4nRAmm 5ErY2X11Yc1Yhy2OMCyN3yueeXg==` and `expires` ends up `1516741234`, then the website could provide a link to:

    https://swift-cluster.example.com/v1/AUTH_account/container/object?
    temp_url_sig=sha512:ZrSijn0GyDhsv1ltIj9hWUTrbAeE45NcKXyBaz7aPbSMvRO
    Q4jtYH4nRAmm5ErY2X11Yc1Yhy2OMCyN3yueeXg==&
    temp_url_expires=1516741234

You may also use ISO 8601 UTC timestamps with the format `"%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ"` instead of UNIX timestamps in the URL (but NOT in the code above for generating the signature!). So, the above HMAC-SHA246 URL could also be formulated as:

    https://swift-cluster.example.com/v1/AUTH_account/container/object?
    temp_url_sig=732fcac368abb10c78a4cbe95c3fab7f311584532bf779abd5074e13cbe8b88b&
    temp_url_expires=2017-12-05T21:16:03Z

If a prefix-based signature with the prefix `pre` is desired, set path to:

    path = 'prefix:/v1/AUTH_account/container/pre'

The generated signature would be valid for all objects starting with `pre`. The middleware detects a prefix-based temporary URL by a query parameter called `temp_url_prefix`. So, if `sig` and `expires` would end up like above, following URL would be valid:

    https://swift-cluster.example.com/v1/AUTH_account/container/pre/object?
    temp_url_sig=732fcac368abb10c78a4cbe95c3fab7f311584532bf779abd5074e13cbe8b88b&
    temp_url_expires=1512508563&
    temp_url_prefix=pre

Another valid URL:

    https://swift-cluster.example.com/v1/AUTH_account/container/pre/
    subfolder/another_object?
    temp_url_sig=732fcac368abb10c78a4cbe95c3fab7f311584532bf779abd5074e13cbe8b88b&
    temp_url_expires=1512508563&
    temp_url_prefix=pre

If you wish to lock down the ip ranges from where the resource can be accessed to the ip `1.2.3.4`:

    import hmac
    from hashlib import sha256
    from time import time
    method = 'GET'
    expires = int(time() + 60)
    path = '/v1/AUTH_account/container/object'
    ip_range = '1.2.3.4'
    key = b'mykey'
    hmac_body = 'ip=%s\n%s\n%s\n%s' % (ip_range, method, expires, path)
    sig = hmac.new(key, hmac_body.encode('ascii'), sha256).hexdigest()

The generated signature would only be valid from the ip `1.2.3.4`. The middleware detects an ip-based temporary URL by a query parameter called `temp_url_ip_range`. So, if `sig` and `expires` would end up like above, following URL would be valid:

    https://swift-cluster.example.com/v1/AUTH_account/container/object?
    temp_url_sig=3f48476acaf5ec272acd8e99f7b5bad96c52ddba53ed27c60613711774a06f0c&
    temp_url_expires=1648082711&
    temp_url_ip_range=1.2.3.4

Similarly to lock down the ip to a range of `1.2.3.X` so starting from the ip `1.2.3.0` to `1.2.3.255`:

    import hmac
    from hashlib import sha256
    from time import time
    method = 'GET'
    expires = int(time() + 60)
    path = '/v1/AUTH_account/container/object'
    ip_range = '1.2.3.0/24'
    key = b'mykey'
    hmac_body = 'ip=%s\n%s\n%s\n%s' % (ip_range, method, expires, path)
    sig = hmac.new(key, hmac_body.encode('ascii'), sha256).hexdigest()

Then the following url would be valid:

    https://swift-cluster.example.com/v1/AUTH_account/container/object?
    temp_url_sig=6ff81256b8a3ba11d239da51a703b9c06a56ffddeb8caab74ca83af8f73c9c83&
    temp_url_expires=1648082711&
    temp_url_ip_range=1.2.3.0/24

Any alteration of the resource path or query arguments of a temporary URL would result in `401 Unauthorized`. Similarly, a `PUT` where `GET` was the allowed method would be rejected with `401 Unauthorized`. However, `HEAD` is allowed if `GET`, `PUT`, or `POST` is allowed.

Using this in combination with browser form post translation middleware could also allow direct-from-browser uploads to specific locations in Swift.

TempURL supports both account and container level keys. Each allows up to two keys to be set, allowing key rotation without invalidating all existing temporary URLs. Account keys are specified by `X-Account-Meta-Temp-URL-Key` and `X-Account-Meta-Temp-URL-Key-2`, while container keys are specified by `X-Container-Meta-Temp-URL-Key` and `X-Container-Meta-Temp-URL-Key-2`. Signatures are checked against account and container keys, if present.

With `GET` TempURLs, a `Content-Disposition` header will be set on the response so that browsers will interpret this as a file attachment to be saved. The filename chosen is based on the object name, but you can override this with a filename query parameter. Modifying the above example:

    https://swift-cluster.example.com/v1/AUTH_account/container/object?
    temp_url_sig=732fcac368abb10c78a4cbe95c3fab7f311584532bf779abd5074e13cbe8b88b&
    temp_url_expires=1512508563&filename=My+Test+File.pdf

If you do not want the object to be downloaded, you can cause `Content-Disposition: inline` to be set on the response by adding the `inline` parameter to the query string, like so:

    https://swift-cluster.example.com/v1/AUTH_account/container/object?
    temp_url_sig=732fcac368abb10c78a4cbe95c3fab7f311584532bf779abd5074e13cbe8b88b&
    temp_url_expires=1512508563&inline

In some cases, the client might not able to present the content of the object, but you still want the content able to save to local with the specific filename. So you can cause `Content-Disposition: inline; filename=...` to be set on the response by adding the `inline&filename=...` parameter to the query string, like so:

    https://swift-cluster.example.com/v1/AUTH_account/container/object?
    temp_url_sig=732fcac368abb10c78a4cbe95c3fab7f311584532bf779abd5074e13cbe8b88b&
    temp_url_expires=1512508563&inline&filename=My+Test+File.pdf

### Cluster Configuration

This middleware understands the following configuration settings:

`incoming_remove_headers`

  A whitespace-delimited list of the headers to remove from incoming requests. Names may optionally end with `*` to indicate a prefix match. `incoming_allow_headers` is a list of exceptions to these removals. Default: `x-timestamp x-open-expired`

`incoming_allow_headers`

  A whitespace-delimited list of the headers allowed as exceptions to `incoming_remove_headers`. Names may optionally end with `*` to indicate a prefix match.

  Default: None

`outgoing_remove_headers`

  A whitespace-delimited list of the headers to remove from outgoing responses. Names may optionally end with `*` to indicate a prefix match. `outgoing_allow_headers` is a list of exceptions to these removals.

  Default: `x-object-meta-*`

`outgoing_allow_headers`

  A whitespace-delimited list of the headers allowed as exceptions to `outgoing_remove_headers`. Names may optionally end with `*` to indicate a prefix match.

  Default: `x-object-meta-public-*`

`methods`

  A whitespace delimited list of request methods that are allowed to be used with a temporary URL.

  Default: `GET HEAD PUT POST DELETE`

`allowed_digests`

  A whitespace delimited list of digest algorithms that are allowed to be used when calculating the signature for a temporary URL.

  Default: `sha256 sha512`

swift.common.middleware.tempurl.DEFAULT_INCOMING_ALLOW_HEADERS = ''

  Default headers as exceptions to DEFAULT_INCOMING_REMOVE_HEADERS. Simply a whitespace delimited list of header names and names can optionally end with ‘*’ to indicate a prefix match.

swift.common.middleware.tempurl.DEFAULT_INCOMING_REMOVE_HEADERS = 'x-timestamp x-open-expired'

  Default headers to remove from incoming requests. Simply a whitespace delimited list of header names and names can optionally end with ‘*’ to indicate a prefix match. DEFAULT_INCOMING_ALLOW_HEADERS is a list of exceptions to these removals.

swift.common.middleware.tempurl.DEFAULT_OUTGOING_ALLOW_HEADERS = 'x-object-meta-public-*'

  Default headers as exceptions to DEFAULT_OUTGOING_REMOVE_HEADERS. Simply a whitespace delimited list of header names and names can optionally end with ‘*’ to indicate a prefix match.

swift.common.middleware.tempurl.DEFAULT_OUTGOING_REMOVE_HEADERS = 'x-object-meta-*'

  Default headers to remove from outgoing responses. Simply a whitespace delimited list of header names and names can optionally end with ‘*’ to indicate a prefix match. DEFAULT_OUTGOING_ALLOW_HEADERS is a list of exceptions to these removals.

class swift.common.middleware.tempurl.TempURL(app, conf, logger=None)

  Bases: `object`

  WSGI Middleware to grant temporary URLs specific access to Swift resources. See the overview for more information.

  The proxy logs created for any subrequests made will have swift.source set to “TU”.

  Parameters:

    - app – The next WSGI filter or app in the paste.deploy chain.

    - conf – The configuration dict for the middleware.

  agent

    HTTP user agent to use for subrequests.

  app

    The next WSGI application/filter in the paste.deploy pipeline.

  conf

    The filter configuration dict.

  incoming_allow_headers

    Headers to allow in incoming requests. Uppercase WSGI env style, like HTTP_X_MATCHES_REMOVE_PREFIX_BUT_OKAY.

  incoming_allow_headers_startswith

    Header with match prefixes to allow in incoming requests. Uppercase WSGI env style, like HTTP_X_MATCHES_REMOVE_PREFIX_BUT_OKAY_*.

  incoming_remove_headers

    Headers to remove from incoming requests. Uppercase WSGI env style, like HTTP_X_PRIVATE.

  incoming_remove_headers_startswith

    Header with match prefixes to remove from incoming requests. Uppercase WSGI env style, like HTTP_X_SENSITIVE_*.

  outgoing_allow_headers

    Headers to allow in outgoing responses. Lowercase, like x-matches-remove-prefix-but-okay.

  outgoing_allow_headers_startswith

    Header with match prefixes to allow in outgoing responses. Lowercase, like x-matches-remove-prefix-but-okay-*.

  outgoing_remove_headers

    Headers to remove from outgoing responses. Lowercase, like x-account-meta-temp-url-key.

  outgoing_remove_headers_startswith

    Header with match prefixes to remove from outgoing responses. Lowercase, like x-account-meta-private-*.

swift.common.middleware.tempurl.filter_factory(global_conf, **local_conf)

  Returns the WSGI filter for use with paste.deploy.

## Versioned Writes

Note

This middleware supports two legacy modes of object versioning that is now replaced by a new mode. It is recommended to use the new Object Versioning mode for new containers.

Object versioning in swift is implemented by setting a flag on the container to tell swift to version all objects in the container. The value of the flag is the URL-encoded container name where the versions are stored (commonly referred to as the “archive container”). The flag itself is one of two headers, which determines how object `DELETE` requests are handled:

- `X-History-Location`

  On `DELETE`, copy the current version of the object to the archive container, write a zero-byte “delete marker” object that notes when the delete took place, and delete the object from the versioned container. The object will no longer appear in container listings for the versioned container and future requests there will return `404 Not Found`. However, the content will still be recoverable from the archive container.

- `X-Versions-Location`

  On `DELETE`, only remove the current version of the object. If any previous versions exist in the archive container, the most recent one is copied over the current version, and the copy in the archive container is deleted. As a result, if you have 5 total versions of the object, you must delete the object 5 times for that object name to start responding with `404 Not Found`.

Either header may be used for the various containers within an account, but only one may be set for any given container. Attempting to set both simulataneously will result in a `400 Bad Request` response.

Note

It is recommended to use a different archive container for each container that is being versioned.

Note

Enabling versioning on an archive container is not recommended.

When data is `PUT` into a versioned container (a container with the versioning flag turned on), the existing data in the file is redirected to a new object in the archive container and the data in the `PUT` request is saved as the data for the versioned object. The new object name (for the previous version) is `<archive_container>/<length><object_name>/<timestamp>`, where `length` is the 3-character zero-padded hexadecimal length of the `<object_name>` and `<timestamp>` is the timestamp of when the previous version was created.

A `GET` to a versioned object will return the current version of the object without having to do any request redirects or metadata lookups.

A `POST` to a versioned object will update the object metadata as normal, but will not create a new version of the object. In other words, new versions are only created when the content of the object changes.

A `DELETE` to a versioned object will be handled in one of two ways, as described above.

To restore a previous version of an object, find the desired version in the archive container then issue a `COPY` with a `Destination` header indicating the original location. This will archive the current version similar to a `PUT` over the versioned object. If the client additionally wishes to permanently delete what was the current version, it must find the newly-created archive in the archive container and issue a separate `DELETE` to it.

### How to Enable Object Versioning in a Swift Cluster

This middleware was written as an effort to refactor parts of the proxy server, so this functionality was already available in previous releases and every attempt was made to maintain backwards compatibility. To allow operators to perform a seamless upgrade, it is not required to add the middleware to the proxy pipeline and the flag `allow_versions` in the container server configuration files are still valid, but only when using `X-Versions-Location`. In future releases, `allow_versions` will be deprecated in favor of adding this middleware to the pipeline to enable or disable the feature.

In case the middleware is added to the proxy pipeline, you must also set `allow_versioned_writes` to `True` in the middleware options to enable the information about this middleware to be returned in a /info request.

Note

You need to add the middleware to the proxy pipeline and set `allow_versioned_writes = True` to use `X-History-Location`. Setting `allow_versions = True` in the container server is not sufficient to enable the use of `X-History-Location`.

#### Upgrade considerations

If `allow_versioned_writes` is set in the filter configuration, you can leave the `allow_versions` flag in the container server configuration files untouched. If you decide to disable or remove the `allow_versions` flag, you must re-set any existing containers that had the `X-Versions-Location` flag configured so that it can now be tracked by the versioned_writes middleware.

Clients should not use the `X-History-Location` header until all proxies in the cluster have been upgraded to a version of Swift that supports it. Attempting to use `X-History-Location` during a rolling upgrade may result in some requests being served by proxies running old code, leading to data loss.

### Examples Using `curl` with `X-Versions-Location`

First, create a container with the `X-Versions-Location` header or add the header to an existing container. Also make sure the container referenced by the `X-Versions-Location` exists. In this example, the name of that container is “versions”:

    curl -i -XPUT -H "X-Auth-Token: <token>" -H "X-Versions-Location: versions" http://<storage_url>/container
    curl -i -XPUT -H "X-Auth-Token: <token>" http://<storage_url>/versions

Create an object (the first version):

    curl -i -XPUT --data-binary 1 -H "X-Auth-Token: <token>" http://<storage_url>/container/myobject

Now create a new version of that object:

    curl -i -XPUT --data-binary 2 -H "X-Auth-Token: <token>" http://<storage_url>/container/myobject

See a listing of the older versions of the object:

    curl -i -H "X-Auth-Token: <token>" http://<storage_url>/versions?prefix=008myobject/

Now delete the current version of the object and see that the older version is gone from ‘versions’ container and back in ‘container’ container:

    curl -i -XDELETE -H "X-Auth-Token: <token>" http://<storage_url>/container/myobject
    curl -i -H "X-Auth-Token: <token>" http://<storage_url>/versions?prefix=008myobject/
    curl -i -XGET -H "X-Auth-Token: <token>" http://<storage_url>/container/myobject

### Examples Using `curl` with `X-History-Location`

As above, create a container with the `X-History-Location` header and ensure that the container referenced by the `X-History-Location` exists. In this example, the name of that container is “versions”:

    curl -i -XPUT -H "X-Auth-Token: <token>" -H "X-History-Location: versions" http://<storage_url>/container
    curl -i -XPUT -H "X-Auth-Token: <token>" http://<storage_url>/versions

Create an object (the first version):

    curl -i -XPUT --data-binary 1 -H "X-Auth-Token: <token>" http://<storage_url>/container/myobject

Now create a new version of that object:

    curl -i -XPUT --data-binary 2 -H "X-Auth-Token: <token>" http://<storage_url>/container/myobject

Now delete the current version of the object. Subsequent requests will 404:

    curl -i -XDELETE -H "X-Auth-Token: <token>" http://<storage_url>/container/myobject
    curl -i -H "X-Auth-Token: <token>" http://<storage_url>/container/myobject

A listing of the older versions of the object will include both the first and second versions of the object, as well as a “delete marker” object:

    curl -i -H "X-Auth-Token: <token>" http://<storage_url>/versions?prefix=008myobject/

To restore a previous version, simply `COPY` it from the archive container:

    curl -i -XCOPY -H "X-Auth-Token: <token>" http://<storage_url>/versions/008myobject/<timestamp> -H "Destination: container/myobject"

Note that the archive container still has all previous versions of the object, including the source for the restore:

    curl -i -H "X-Auth-Token: <token>" http://<storage_url>/versions?prefix=008myobject/

To permanently delete a previous version, `DELETE` it from the archive container:

    curl -i -XDELETE -H "X-Auth-Token: <token>" http://<storage_url>/versions/008myobject/<timestamp>

### How to Disable Object Versioning in a Swift Cluster

If you want to disable all functionality, set `allow_versioned_writes` to `False` in the middleware options.

Disable versioning from a container (x is any value except empty):

    curl -i -XPOST -H "X-Auth-Token: <token>" -H "X-Remove-Versions-Location: x" http://<storage_url>/container

class swift.common.middleware.versioned_writes.legacy.VersionedWritesContext(wsgi_app, logger)

  Bases: `WSGIContext`

  handle_obj_versions_delete_pop(req, versions_cont, api_version, account_name, container_name, object_name)

    Handle DELETE requests when in stack mode.

    Delete current version of object and pop previous version in its place.

    Parameters:

      - req – original request.

      - versions_cont – container where previous versions of the object are stored.

      - api_version – api version.

      - account_name – account name.

      - container_name – container name.

      - object_name – object name.

  handle_obj_versions_delete_push(req, versions_cont, api_version, account_name, container_name, object_name)

    Handle DELETE requests when in history mode.

    Copy current version of object to versions_container and write a delete marker before proceeding with original request.

    Parameters:

      - req – original request.

      - versions_cont – container where previous versions of the object are stored.

      - api_version – api version.

      - account_name – account name.

      - object_name – name of object of original request

  handle_obj_versions_put(req, versions_cont, api_version, account_name, object_name)

    Copy current version of object to versions_container before proceeding with original request.

    Parameters:

      - req – original request.

      - versions_cont – container where previous versions of the object are stored.

      - api_version – api version.

      - account_name – account name.

      - object_name – name of object of original request

## XProfile

Profiling middleware for Swift Servers.

Note

This middleware is intended for development and testing environments only, not production. No authentication is expected or required for the web UI, and profiling may incur noticeable performance penalties.

The current implementation is based on eventlet aware profiler.(For the future, more profilers could be added in to collect more data for analysis.) Profiling all incoming requests and accumulating cpu timing statistics information for performance tuning and optimization. An mini web UI is also provided for profiling data analysis. It can be accessed from the URL as below.

Index page for browse profile data:

    http://SERVER_IP:PORT/__profile__

List all profiles to return profile ids in json format:

    http://SERVER_IP:PORT/__profile__/
    http://SERVER_IP:PORT/__profile__/all

Retrieve specific profile data in different formats:

    http://SERVER_IP:PORT/__profile__/PROFILE_ID?format=[default|json|csv|ods]
    http://SERVER_IP:PORT/__profile__/current?format=[default|json|csv|ods]
    http://SERVER_IP:PORT/__profile__/all?format=[default|json|csv|ods]

Retrieve metrics from specific function in json format:

    http://SERVER_IP:PORT/__profile__/PROFILE_ID/NFL?format=json
    http://SERVER_IP:PORT/__profile__/current/NFL?format=json
    http://SERVER_IP:PORT/__profile__/all/NFL?format=json

    NFL is defined by concatenation of file name, function name and the first
    line number.
    e.g.::
        account.py:50(GETorHEAD)
    or with full path:
        opt/stack/swift/swift/proxy/controllers/account.py:50(GETorHEAD)

    A list of URL examples:

    http://localhost:8080/__profile__    (proxy server)
    http://localhost:6200/__profile__/all    (object server)
    http://localhost:6201/__profile__/current    (container server)
    http://localhost:6202/__profile__/12345?format=json    (account server)

The profiling middleware can be configured in paste file for WSGI servers such as proxy, account, container and object servers. Please refer to the sample configuration files in etc directory.

The profiling data is provided with four formats such as binary(by default), json, csv and odf spreadsheet which requires installing odfpy library:

    sudo pip install odfpy

There’s also a simple visualization capability which is enabled by using matplotlib toolkit. it is also required to be installed if you want to use it to visualize statistic data:

    sudo apt-get install python-matplotlib

this page last updated: 2025-11-03 12:55:44

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