# Ring File Formats

The ring is the most important data structure in Swift. How this data structure been serialized to disk has changed over the years.

Initially ring files contain three key pieces of information:

- the part_power value (often stored as `part_shift := 32 - part_power`)

  - which determines how many partitions are in the ring,

- the device list

  - which includes all the disks participating in the ring, and

- the replica-to-part-to-device table

  - which has all `replica_count * (2 ** part_power)` partition assignments.

But the ability to extend the serialization format to add more data structures to the ring serialization format has meant a new ring v2 format has been created.

Ring files have always been gzipped when serialized, though the inner, raw format has evolved over the years.

## Ring v0

Initially, rings were simply pickle dumps of the RingData object. With Swift 1.3.0, this changed to pickling a pure-stdlib data structure, but the core concept was the same.

## Ring v1

Pickle presented some problems, however. While there are security concerns around unpickling untrusted data, security boundaries are generally drawn such that rings are assumed to be trusted. Ultimately, what pushed us to a new format were performance considerations.

Starting in Swift 1.7.0, Swift began using a new format (while still being willing to read the old one). The new format starts with some magic so we may identify it as such:

    +---------------+-------+
    |'R' '1' 'N' 'G'| <vrs> |
    +---------------+-------+

where `<vrs>` is a network-order two-byte version number (which is always 1). After that, a JSON object is serialized as:

    +---------------+-------...---+
    | <data-length> | <data ... > |
    +---------------+-------...---+

where `<data-length>` is the network-order four-byte length (in bytes) of `<data>`, which is the ASCII-encoded JSON-serialized object. This object has at minimum three keys:

- `devs` for the device list

- `part_shift` (i.e., `32 - part_power`)

- `replica_count` for the integer number of part-to-device rows to read

The replica-to-part-to-device table then follows:

    +-------+-------+...+-------+-------+
    | <dev> | <dev> |...| <dev> | <dev> |
    +-------+-------+...+-------+-------+
    | <dev> | <dev> |...| <dev> | <dev> |
    +-------+-------+...+-------+-------+
    |                ...                |
    +-------+-------+...+-------+-------+
    | <dev> | <dev> |...|
    +-------+-------+...+

Each `<dev>` is a host-order two-byte index into the `devs` list. Every row except the last has exactly `2 ** part_power` entries; the last row may have the same or fewer.

The metadata object has proven quite versatile: new keys have been added to provide additional information while remaining backwards-compatible. In order, the following new fields have been added:

- `byteorder` specifies whether the host-order for the replica-to-part-to-device table is “big” or “little” endian. Added in Swift 2.12.0, this allows rings written on big-endian machines to be read on little-endian machines and vice-versa.

- `next_part_power` indicates whether a partition-power increase is in progress. Added in Swift 2.15.0, this will have one of two values, if present: the ring’s current `part_power`, indicating that there may be hardlinks to clean up, or `part_power + 1` indicating that hardlinks may need to be created. See the documentation for more information.

- `version` specifies the version number of the ring-builder that was used to write this ring. Added in Swift 2.24.0, this allows the comparing of rings from different machines to determine which is newer.

## Ring v2

The way that v1 rings dealt with fractional replicas made it impossible to reliably serialize additional large data structures after the replica-to-part-to-device table. The v2 format has been designed to be extensable.

The new format starts with magic similar to v1:

    +---------------+-------+
    |'R' '1' 'N' 'G'| <vrs> |
    +---------------+-------+

where <vrs> is again a network-order two-byte version number (which is now 2). By bumping the version number, we ensure that old versions of Swift refuse to read the ring, rather than misinterpret the content.

After that, a series of BLOBs are serialized, each as:

    +-------------------------------+-------...---+
    | <data-length>                 | <data ... > |
    +-------------------------------+-------...---+

where `<data-length>` is the network-order eight-byte length (in bytes) of `<data>`. Each BLOB is preceded by a `Z_FULL_FLUSH` to allow it to be decompressed without reading the whole file.

The order of the BLOBs isn’t important, although they do tend to be written in the order Swift will read them while loading. This reduces the disk seeks necessary to load.

The final BLOB is an index: a JSON object mapping named sections to an array of offsets within the file, like

    {
        section: [
            compressed start,
            uncompressed start,
            compressed end,
            uncompressed end,
            checksum method,
            checksum value
        ],
        ...
    }

Section names may be arbitrary strings, but the “swift/” prefix is reserved for upstream use. The start/end values mark the beginning and ending of the section’s BLOB. Note that some end values may be `null` if they were not known when the index was written – in particular, this will be true for the index itself. The checksum method should be one of `"md5"`, `"sha1"`, `"sha256"`, or `"sha512"`; other values will be ignored in anticipation of a need to support further algorithms. The checksum value will be the hex-encoded digest of the uncompressed section’s bytes. Like end values, checksum data may be `null` if not known when the index is written.

Finally, a “tail” is written:

- the gzip stream is flushed with another `Z_FULL_FLUSH`,

- the stream is switched to uncompressed,

- the eight-byte offset of the uncompressed start of the index is written,

- the gzip stream is flushed with another `Z_FULL_FLUSH`,

- the eight-byte offset of the compressed start of the index is written,

- the gzip stream is flushed with another `Z_FULL_FLUSH`, and

- the gzip stream is closed; this involves:

  - flushing the underlying deflate stream with `Z_FINISH`

  - writing `CRC32` (of the full uncompressed data)

  - writing `ISIZE` (the length of the full uncompressed data `mod 2 ** 32`)

By switching to uncompressed, we can know exactly how many bytes will be written in the tail, so that when reading we can quickly seek to and read the index offset, seek to the index start, and read the index. From there we can do similar things for any other section.

- Seek to the end of the file

- Go back 31 bytes in the underlying file; this should leave us at the start of the deflate block containing the offset for the compressed start

- Decompress 8 bytes from the deflate stream to get the location of the compressed start of the index BLOB

- Seek to that location

- Read/decompress the size of the index BLOB

- Read/decompress the json serialized index.

Note

This 31 bytes is the deflate block containing the 8 byte location, a `Z_FULL_FLUSH` block, the `Z_FINISH` block, and the `CRC32` and `ISIZE`. For more information, see RFC 1951 (for the deflate stream) and RFC 1952 (for the gzip format).

The currently defined section and section names upstream are as follows:

- `swift/index` - The swift index

- `swift/ring/metadata` - Ring metadata serialized as json

- `swift/ring/devices` - Devices json serialized data structure.

  - This has been seperated from the ring metadata structure in v1 as it gets large

- `swift/ring/assignments` - The ring replica2part2dev_id data structure

Note

Third-parties may find it useful to add their own sections; however, the `swift/` prefix is reserved for future upstream enhancements.

### swift/ring/metadata

This BLOB is an ASCII-encoded JSON object full of metadata, similar to v1 rings. It has the following required keys:

- `part_shift`

- `dev_id_bytes` specifies the number of bytes used for each `<dev>` in the replica-to-part-to-device table; will be one of 2, 4, or 8

Additionally, there are several optional keys which may be present:

- `next_part_power`

- `version`

Notice that two keys are no longer present: `replica_count` is no longer needed as the size of the replica-to-part-to-device table is explicit, and `byteorder` is not needed as all data in v2 rings should be written using network-order.

### swift/ring/devices

This BLOB contains a list of swift device dictionarys. And was seperated out from the metadata BLOB as this can become a large structure in it’s own right.

### swift/ring/assignments

This BLOB is the replica-to-part-to-device table. It’s length will be `replicas * (2 ** part_power) * dev_id_bytes`, where `replicas` is the exact (potentially fractional) replica count for the ring. Unlike in v1, each `<dev>` is written using network-order.

Note that this is why we increased the size of `<data-length>` as compared to the v1 format – otherwise, we may not be able to represent rings with both high `replica_count` and high `part_power`.

this page last updated: 2025-11-03 12:55:44

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