ACPI based device enumeration
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
ACPI 5 introduced a set of new resources (UartTSerialBus, I2cSerialBus,
SpiSerialBus, GpioIo and GpioInt) which can be used in enumerating slave
devices behind serial bus controllers.

In addition we are starting to see peripherals integrated in the
SoC/Chipset to appear only in ACPI namespace. These are typically devices
that are accessed through memory-mapped registers.

In order to support this and re-use the existing drivers as much as
possible we decided to do following:

	o Devices that have no bus connector resource are represented as
	  platform devices.

	o Devices behind real busses where there is a connector resource
	  are represented as struct spi_device or struct i2c_device
	  (standard UARTs are not busses so there is no struct uart_device).

As both ACPI and Device Tree represent a tree of devices (and their
resources) this implementation follows the Device Tree way as much as
possible.

The ACPI implementation enumerates devices behind busses (platform, SPI and
I2C), creates the physical devices and binds them to their ACPI handle in
the ACPI namespace.

This means that when ACPI_HANDLE(dev) returns non-NULL the device was
enumerated from ACPI namespace. This handle can be used to extract other
device-specific configuration. There is an example of this below.

Platform bus support
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Since we are using platform devices to represent devices that are not
connected to any physical bus we only need to implement a platform driver
for the device and add supported ACPI IDs. If this same IP-block is used on
some other non-ACPI platform, the driver might work out of the box or needs
some minor changes.

Adding ACPI support for an existing driver should be pretty
straightforward. Here is the simplest example:

	#ifdef CONFIG_ACPI
	static struct acpi_device_id mydrv_acpi_match[] = {
		/* ACPI IDs here */
		{ }
	};
	MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(acpi, mydrv_acpi_match);
	#endif

	static struct platform_driver my_driver = {
		...
		.driver = {
			.acpi_match_table = ACPI_PTR(mydrv_acpi_match),
		},
	};

If the driver needs to perform more complex initialization like getting and
configuring GPIOs it can get its ACPI handle and extract this information
from ACPI tables.

Currently the kernel is not able to automatically determine from which ACPI
device it should make the corresponding platform device so we need to add
the ACPI device explicitly to acpi_platform_device_ids list defined in
drivers/acpi/acpi_platform.c. This limitation is only for the platform
devices, SPI and I2C devices are created automatically as described below.

DMA support
~~~~~~~~~~~
DMA controllers enumerated via ACPI should be registered in the system to
provide generic access to their resources. For example, a driver that would
like to be accessible to slave devices via generic API call
dma_request_slave_channel() must register itself at the end of the probe
function like this:

	err = devm_acpi_dma_controller_register(dev, xlate_func, dw);
	/* Handle the error if it's not a case of !CONFIG_ACPI */

and implement custom xlate function if needed (usually acpi_dma_simple_xlate()
is enough) which converts the FixedDMA resource provided by struct
acpi_dma_spec into the corresponding DMA channel. A piece of code for that case
could look like:

	#ifdef CONFIG_ACPI
	struct filter_args {
		/* Provide necessary information for the filter_func */
		...
	};

	static bool filter_func(struct dma_chan *chan, void *param)
	{
		/* Choose the proper channel */
		...
	}

	static struct dma_chan *xlate_func(struct acpi_dma_spec *dma_spec,
			struct acpi_dma *adma)
	{
		dma_cap_mask_t cap;
		struct filter_args args;

		/* Prepare arguments for filter_func */
		...
		return dma_request_channel(cap, filter_func, &args);
	}
	#else
	static struct dma_chan *xlate_func(struct acpi_dma_spec *dma_spec,
			struct acpi_dma *adma)
	{
		return NULL;
	}
	#endif

dma_request_slave_channel() will call xlate_func() for each registered DMA
controller. In the xlate function the proper channel must be chosen based on
information in struct acpi_dma_spec and the properties of the controller
provided by struct acpi_dma.

Clients must call dma_request_slave_channel() with the string parameter that
corresponds to a specific FixedDMA resource. By default "tx" means the first
entry of the FixedDMA resource array, "rx" means the second entry. The table
below shows a layout:

	Device (I2C0)
	{
		...
		Method (_CRS, 0, NotSerialized)
		{
			Name (DBUF, ResourceTemplate ()
			{
				FixedDMA (0x0018, 0x0004, Width32bit, _Y48)
				FixedDMA (0x0019, 0x0005, Width32bit, )
			})
		...
		}
	}

So, the FixedDMA with request line 0x0018 is "tx" and next one is "rx" in
this example.

In robust cases the client unfortunately needs to call
acpi_dma_request_slave_chan_by_index() directly and therefore choose the
specific FixedDMA resource by its index.

SPI serial bus support
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Slave devices behind SPI bus have SpiSerialBus resource attached to them.
This is extracted automatically by the SPI core and the slave devices are
enumerated once spi_register_master() is called by the bus driver.

Here is what the ACPI namespace for a SPI slave might look like:

	Device (EEP0)
	{
		Name (_ADR, 1)
		Name (_CID, Package() {
			"ATML0025",
			"AT25",
		})
		...
		Method (_CRS, 0, NotSerialized)
		{
			SPISerialBus(1, PolarityLow, FourWireMode, 8,
				ControllerInitiated, 1000000, ClockPolarityLow,
				ClockPhaseFirst, "\\_SB.PCI0.SPI1",)
		}
		...

The SPI device drivers only need to add ACPI IDs in a similar way than with
the platform device drivers. Below is an example where we add ACPI support
to at25 SPI eeprom driver (this is meant for the above ACPI snippet):

	#ifdef CONFIG_ACPI
	static struct acpi_device_id at25_acpi_match[] = {
		{ "AT25", 0 },
		{ },
	};
	MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(acpi, at25_acpi_match);
	#endif

	static struct spi_driver at25_driver = {
		.driver = {
			...
			.acpi_match_table = ACPI_PTR(at25_acpi_match),
		},
	};

Note that this driver actually needs more information like page size of the
eeprom etc. but at the time writing this there is no standard way of
passing those. One idea is to return this in _DSM method like:

	Device (EEP0)
	{
		...
		Method (_DSM, 4, NotSerialized)
		{
			Store (Package (6)
			{
				"byte-len", 1024,
				"addr-mode", 2,
				"page-size, 32
			}, Local0)

			// Check UUIDs etc.

			Return (Local0)
		}

Then the at25 SPI driver can get this configuration by calling _DSM on its
ACPI handle like:

	struct acpi_buffer output = { ACPI_ALLOCATE_BUFFER, NULL };
	struct acpi_object_list input;
	acpi_status status;

	/* Fill in the input buffer */

	status = acpi_evaluate_object(ACPI_HANDLE(&spi->dev), "_DSM",
				      &input, &output);
	if (ACPI_FAILURE(status))
		/* Handle the error */

	/* Extract the data here */

	kfree(output.pointer);

I2C serial bus support
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The slaves behind I2C bus controller only need to add the ACPI IDs like
with the platform and SPI drivers. The I2C core automatically enumerates
any slave devices behind the controller device once the adapter is
registered.

Below is an example of how to add ACPI support to the existing mpu3050
input driver:

	#ifdef CONFIG_ACPI
	static struct acpi_device_id mpu3050_acpi_match[] = {
		{ "MPU3050", 0 },
		{ },
	};
	MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(acpi, mpu3050_acpi_match);
	#endif

	static struct i2c_driver mpu3050_i2c_driver = {
		.driver	= {
			.name	= "mpu3050",
			.owner	= THIS_MODULE,
			.pm	= &mpu3050_pm,
			.of_match_table = mpu3050_of_match,
			.acpi_match_table  ACPI_PTR(mpu3050_acpi_match),
		},
		.probe		= mpu3050_probe,
		.remove		= mpu3050_remove,
		.id_table	= mpu3050_ids,
	};

GPIO support
~~~~~~~~~~~~
ACPI 5 introduced two new resources to describe GPIO connections: GpioIo
and GpioInt. These resources are used be used to pass GPIO numbers used by
the device to the driver. For example:

	Method (_CRS, 0, NotSerialized)
	{
		Name (SBUF, ResourceTemplate()
		{
			...
			// Used to power on/off the device
			GpioIo (Exclusive, PullDefault, 0x0000, 0x0000,
				IoRestrictionOutputOnly, "\\_SB.PCI0.GPI0",
				0x00, ResourceConsumer,,)
			{
				// Pin List
				0x0055
			}

			// Interrupt for the device
			GpioInt (Edge, ActiveHigh, ExclusiveAndWake, PullNone,
				 0x0000, "\\_SB.PCI0.GPI0", 0x00, ResourceConsumer,,)
			{
				// Pin list
				0x0058
			}

			...

		}

		Return (SBUF)
	}

These GPIO numbers are controller relative and path "\\_SB.PCI0.GPI0"
specifies the path to the controller. In order to use these GPIOs in Linux
we need to translate them to the Linux GPIO numbers.

In a simple case of just getting the Linux GPIO number from device
resources one can use acpi_get_gpio_by_index() helper function. It takes
pointer to the device and index of the GpioIo/GpioInt descriptor in the
device resources list. For example:

	int gpio_irq, gpio_power;
	int ret;

	gpio_irq = acpi_get_gpio_by_index(dev, 1, NULL);
	if (gpio_irq < 0)
		/* handle error */

	gpio_power = acpi_get_gpio_by_index(dev, 0, NULL);
	if (gpio_power < 0)
		/* handle error */

	/* Now we can use the GPIO numbers */

Other GpioIo parameters must be converted first by the driver to be
suitable to the gpiolib before passing them.

In case of GpioInt resource an additional call to gpio_to_irq() must be
done before calling request_irq().

Note that the above API is ACPI specific and not recommended for drivers
that need to support non-ACPI systems. The recommended way is to use
the descriptor based GPIO interfaces. The above example looks like this
when converted to the GPIO desc:

	#include <linux/gpio/consumer.h>
	...

	struct gpio_desc *irq_desc, *power_desc;

	irq_desc = gpiod_get_index(dev, NULL, 1);
	if (IS_ERR(irq_desc))
		/* handle error */

	power_desc = gpiod_get_index(dev, NULL, 0);
	if (IS_ERR(power_desc))
		/* handle error */

	/* Now we can use the GPIO descriptors */

See also Documentation/gpio.txt.
